Biochemistry review
... generally structural components of cell walls Proteoglycan: proteins with attached GAGs Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals ...
... generally structural components of cell walls Proteoglycan: proteins with attached GAGs Glycogen: storage form of glucose in animals ...
Chapter 5: Major Metabolic Pathways
... Metabolism is the collection of enzymecatalyzed reactions that convert substrates that are external to the cell into various internal products. ...
... Metabolism is the collection of enzymecatalyzed reactions that convert substrates that are external to the cell into various internal products. ...
Pancreas
... glucose, required for respiration, and also causes the liver to convert excess glucose to insoluble glycogen for storage. When blood sugar levels run low the pancreas releases glucagon instead. This causes the liver to breakdown the glycogen back into glucose to give the cells energy. A person with ...
... glucose, required for respiration, and also causes the liver to convert excess glucose to insoluble glycogen for storage. When blood sugar levels run low the pancreas releases glucagon instead. This causes the liver to breakdown the glycogen back into glucose to give the cells energy. A person with ...
Photosynthesis
... ATP in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Energy transfer occurs in all cellular activities. For 3 of the following 5 processes involving energy transfer, explain how each functions in the cell and give an example. Explain how ATP is involved in each example you choose. Cellular movement ...
... ATP in either cellular respiration or photosynthesis. Energy transfer occurs in all cellular activities. For 3 of the following 5 processes involving energy transfer, explain how each functions in the cell and give an example. Explain how ATP is involved in each example you choose. Cellular movement ...
Document
... – Others “denitrify” nitrite or nitrate (NO3-) to N2, returning N2 gas to the atmosphere. – A diverse group of prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, can use atmospheric N2 directly. – During nitrogen fixation, they convert N2 to NH4+, making atmospheric nitrogen available to other organisms for inco ...
... – Others “denitrify” nitrite or nitrate (NO3-) to N2, returning N2 gas to the atmosphere. – A diverse group of prokaryotes, including cyanobacteria, can use atmospheric N2 directly. – During nitrogen fixation, they convert N2 to NH4+, making atmospheric nitrogen available to other organisms for inco ...
THE MOLECULES OF LIFE - Christian Heritage School
... Glucose exists in both straight-chain and ring-shaped forms. ...
... Glucose exists in both straight-chain and ring-shaped forms. ...
Chapter 15 Metabolism: Basic concepts and design Part Ⅰ
... farnesylation of a wide range of target proteins, including Ras. It is thought that these agents block Ras activation through inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl transferase, ultimately resulting in cell growth ...
... farnesylation of a wide range of target proteins, including Ras. It is thought that these agents block Ras activation through inhibition of the enzyme farnesyl transferase, ultimately resulting in cell growth ...
檔案下載
... biosynthesis of many important biomolecules – If a component of the citric acid cycle is taken out for biosynthesis, it must be replaced 中間產物被利用來合成其他 分子,之後這些中間產物就必須被補充 • [Oxaloacetate] maintained at a level sufficient to allow acetylCoA to enter the cycle ...
... biosynthesis of many important biomolecules – If a component of the citric acid cycle is taken out for biosynthesis, it must be replaced 中間產物被利用來合成其他 分子,之後這些中間產物就必須被補充 • [Oxaloacetate] maintained at a level sufficient to allow acetylCoA to enter the cycle ...
Chemistry notes 2013
... move molecules from one place to another around the body. Examples include hemoglobin and cytochromes. Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as electron carrier proteins ...
... move molecules from one place to another around the body. Examples include hemoglobin and cytochromes. Hemoglobin transports oxygen through the blood. Cytochromes operate in the electron transport chain as electron carrier proteins ...
Practice Exam II
... 35. What are some risk factors for developing CVD? a. Hypertension b. High blood cholesterol c. Age d. All of the above 36. What levels of HDL and LDL increase your risk for CVD? a. High HDL, High LDL b. Low HDL, High LDL c. High HDL, Low LDL d. Low HDL, Low LDL 37. What is one way to reduce your ri ...
... 35. What are some risk factors for developing CVD? a. Hypertension b. High blood cholesterol c. Age d. All of the above 36. What levels of HDL and LDL increase your risk for CVD? a. High HDL, High LDL b. Low HDL, High LDL c. High HDL, Low LDL d. Low HDL, Low LDL 37. What is one way to reduce your ri ...
NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF SINGAPORE DEPARTMENT OF BIOCHEMISTRY ADVANCED PLACEMENT TEST (SAMPLE)
... 1. Which of the following statements about the biophysical property of water is INCORRECT? A. Water molecule forms H-bonds B. Water retains heat well C. Water is dielectrict D. Water at freezing point has the highest density E. Water is polar 2. Which of the following is NOT a strong electrolyte and ...
... 1. Which of the following statements about the biophysical property of water is INCORRECT? A. Water molecule forms H-bonds B. Water retains heat well C. Water is dielectrict D. Water at freezing point has the highest density E. Water is polar 2. Which of the following is NOT a strong electrolyte and ...
Protein synthesis and metabolism
... Glucose/Alanine Cycle Excess amino acids are metabolised. They are not stored for use as potential energy as this can be done more efficiently by other sources. ...
... Glucose/Alanine Cycle Excess amino acids are metabolised. They are not stored for use as potential energy as this can be done more efficiently by other sources. ...
... The activation of fatty acids is indirectly coupled to the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate. The reactions in gluconeogenesis are indirectly coupled to the hydrolysis of F1,6 P and G6-P 8. (6 pts) i) Which metabolic pathway can produce ATP (energy) in the absence of oxygen? (circle correct answer): threo ...
Hormones in intermediary metabolism
... • Actions (via cAMP) mainly antagonize those of insulin – decrease of I/G ratio • Maintains normoglycemia between meals and during increased glucose consumption to ensure a constant energy supply: • 1) glycogenolysis (in liver) • 2) gluconeogenesis from lactate, AA (protein catabolism) and glycerol ...
... • Actions (via cAMP) mainly antagonize those of insulin – decrease of I/G ratio • Maintains normoglycemia between meals and during increased glucose consumption to ensure a constant energy supply: • 1) glycogenolysis (in liver) • 2) gluconeogenesis from lactate, AA (protein catabolism) and glycerol ...
008 Chapter 08 Metabolism: Energy Enzymes and Regulation 1
... 50. The most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __________ hypothesis. 51. When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as E. coli are growing under anaerobic conditions an ...
... 50. The most commonly accepted hypothesis for the production of ATP that results from electron transport system is called the __________ hypothesis. 51. When cells of a facultative anaerobe such as E. coli are growing under anaerobic conditions an ...
Intermediary Metabolism of Carbohydrate, Protein, and Fat
... of an alternative fuel, fatty acids or ketone bodies, to spare glucose usage, as part of a glucose-fatty acid cycle. This was originally proposed by Randle in heart but may also function in some circumstances in skeletal muscle and brain [2]. b-Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-CoA inside the ...
... of an alternative fuel, fatty acids or ketone bodies, to spare glucose usage, as part of a glucose-fatty acid cycle. This was originally proposed by Randle in heart but may also function in some circumstances in skeletal muscle and brain [2]. b-Oxidation of fatty acids produces acetyl-CoA inside the ...
macromolecules notes
... -insoluble in water -primary storage is in adipose tissue (body fat) -primarily made in liver and skeletal muscle -the liver will remove or add glucose to the blood in response to insulin levels: -after a meal, pancreas releases insulin into blood stream -when insulin levels are high, liver removes ...
... -insoluble in water -primary storage is in adipose tissue (body fat) -primarily made in liver and skeletal muscle -the liver will remove or add glucose to the blood in response to insulin levels: -after a meal, pancreas releases insulin into blood stream -when insulin levels are high, liver removes ...
survey of biochemistry - School of Chemistry and Biochemistry
... • Catalyze the joining of 2 molecules coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP or some similar triphosphate. ...
... • Catalyze the joining of 2 molecules coupled with the hydrolysis of ATP or some similar triphosphate. ...
Packet 7: Biochemistry
... A. He hypothesized that in the oxygen free environment (anaerobic) of primitive earth, it would have been possible for inorganic molecules to combine and form organic molecules (abiotically – without a living ...
... A. He hypothesized that in the oxygen free environment (anaerobic) of primitive earth, it would have been possible for inorganic molecules to combine and form organic molecules (abiotically – without a living ...
Slide 1
... Blood-stage Plasmodium parasites rely almost entirely on glucose fermentation for energy and consume minimal amounts of oxygen Yet the parasite genome encodes all of the enzymes necessary for a complete TCA cycle By tracing 13C-labeled compounds using mass spectrometry,the researchers showed t ...
... Blood-stage Plasmodium parasites rely almost entirely on glucose fermentation for energy and consume minimal amounts of oxygen Yet the parasite genome encodes all of the enzymes necessary for a complete TCA cycle By tracing 13C-labeled compounds using mass spectrometry,the researchers showed t ...
MEMBRANE-BOUND ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ATP …
... transfer potential which is given by Go for hydrolysis of ATP (-7.3kcal/mol) The electron transfer potential of NADH is represented as Eo the redox potential ( or reduction potential or oxidationreduction potential) which is an electrochemical concept. Redox potential is measured relative to the H+ ...
... transfer potential which is given by Go for hydrolysis of ATP (-7.3kcal/mol) The electron transfer potential of NADH is represented as Eo the redox potential ( or reduction potential or oxidationreduction potential) which is an electrochemical concept. Redox potential is measured relative to the H+ ...
Oxidation of Carbohydrate
... – High net ATP yield but slow ATP production – Must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol – Only FFAs are used to make ATP ...
... – High net ATP yield but slow ATP production – Must be broken down into free fatty acids (FFAs) and glycerol – Only FFAs are used to make ATP ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑