Pyruvate-Phosphate Dikinase of Oxymonads and
... the core carbon metabolism in eukaryotes. In aerobic eukaryotes, glycolysis is a minor source of energy, since ca. 95% of ATP production comes from subsequent tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions and oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, anaerobic organisms rely almost exclusively on glycolysis and ...
... the core carbon metabolism in eukaryotes. In aerobic eukaryotes, glycolysis is a minor source of energy, since ca. 95% of ATP production comes from subsequent tricarboxylic acid cycle reactions and oxidative phosphorylation. In contrast, anaerobic organisms rely almost exclusively on glycolysis and ...
SMU-DDE-Assignments-Scheme of Evaluation PROGRAM Bachelor
... reversal of the thiolase reaction of fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial HMG CoA synthase combines a third molecule of acetyl CoA with acetoacetyl CoA to produce HMG CoA. HMG CoA synthase is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of ketone bodies, and is present in significant quantities only in th ...
... reversal of the thiolase reaction of fatty acid oxidation. Mitochondrial HMG CoA synthase combines a third molecule of acetyl CoA with acetoacetyl CoA to produce HMG CoA. HMG CoA synthase is the rate limiting step in the synthesis of ketone bodies, and is present in significant quantities only in th ...
- Circle of Docs
... find where elevated and where sample came from any liver problem will cause the bund to decrease – since liver can not produce urea any kidney problem will cause the bund to increase – since kidney is not functioning to release urea 2. The molecule which enzmes act upon *substrate – produce a produc ...
... find where elevated and where sample came from any liver problem will cause the bund to decrease – since liver can not produce urea any kidney problem will cause the bund to increase – since kidney is not functioning to release urea 2. The molecule which enzmes act upon *substrate – produce a produc ...
Chapter x – title of chapter
... Once the concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them. Why continue to make ATP if we have enough? Conversely, when ADP levels are higher than ATP (a sign we need energy), ADP binds to these same enzymes, bu ...
... Once the concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them. Why continue to make ATP if we have enough? Conversely, when ADP levels are higher than ATP (a sign we need energy), ADP binds to these same enzymes, bu ...
Ch36-Integration of Carbohydrate and Lipid
... eat and to use these stores when we are fasting. Regulatory mechanisms direct compounds through the pathways of metabolism involved in the storage and utilization of fuels. These mechanisms are controlled by hormones, by the concentration of available fuels, and by the energy needs of the body. Chan ...
... eat and to use these stores when we are fasting. Regulatory mechanisms direct compounds through the pathways of metabolism involved in the storage and utilization of fuels. These mechanisms are controlled by hormones, by the concentration of available fuels, and by the energy needs of the body. Chan ...
The Cell: A Microcosm of Life Multiple
... we have enough ATP/energy. Once the concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them. Why continue to make ATP if we have enough? Conversely, when ADP levels are higher than ATP (a sign we need energy), ADP bin ...
... we have enough ATP/energy. Once the concentration of ATP reaches a certain level, it begins to bind some of the key enzymes in glycolysis and the TCA cycle and inhibits them. Why continue to make ATP if we have enough? Conversely, when ADP levels are higher than ATP (a sign we need energy), ADP bin ...
Observations during muscle contraction
... – At rest, ATP phosphorylates creatine. – During exercise, creatine kinase (creatine phosphokinase) moves phosphate from phosphocreatine to ATP ...
... – At rest, ATP phosphorylates creatine. – During exercise, creatine kinase (creatine phosphokinase) moves phosphate from phosphocreatine to ATP ...
1. Which of the following is an example of a hydrogen bond
... A. The initial concentration of the glucose in the bag is higher than the initial concentration of starch in the bag. B. The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the ...
... A. The initial concentration of the glucose in the bag is higher than the initial concentration of starch in the bag. B. The pores of the bag are larger than the glucose molecules but smaller than the ...
1 Two ATP molecules each give a phosphate group to a glucose
... The products of the light-dependent stage are ATP and NADPH, these are then used in the light-independent stage Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through stomata In the stroma, the carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP (5C) This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called RuBisCo The ...
... The products of the light-dependent stage are ATP and NADPH, these are then used in the light-independent stage Carbon dioxide from the atmosphere diffuses into the leaf through stomata In the stroma, the carbon dioxide reacts with RuBP (5C) This reaction is catalysed by an enzyme called RuBisCo The ...
Name: Cell Biology Unit Test #1
... 25) True/False: Enzymes make the Standard Free Energy for a specific reaction more negative. a) True b) False 26) True/ False: If one chemical reaction with a ∆G’o = - 10 occurs in the cytosol and another reaction with a ∆G’o of +3.3 occurs inside a mitochondria, the two ∆G’o values can be added and ...
... 25) True/False: Enzymes make the Standard Free Energy for a specific reaction more negative. a) True b) False 26) True/ False: If one chemical reaction with a ∆G’o = - 10 occurs in the cytosol and another reaction with a ∆G’o of +3.3 occurs inside a mitochondria, the two ∆G’o values can be added and ...
biochem 33 [3-24
... a. Mutation causes increased production of ApoB100 leading to increased VLDL packaging; depending on efficacy of LPL may have only elevated VLDL or elevated VLDL and LDL 17. How does the source of FAs for VLDL triacylglycerols differ b/t healthy and diabetics? a. In healthy ppl source is generally ...
... a. Mutation causes increased production of ApoB100 leading to increased VLDL packaging; depending on efficacy of LPL may have only elevated VLDL or elevated VLDL and LDL 17. How does the source of FAs for VLDL triacylglycerols differ b/t healthy and diabetics? a. In healthy ppl source is generally ...
The Chemistry of Life
... long as 0.8 m, but they can run across the top of bodies of water. The ...
... long as 0.8 m, but they can run across the top of bodies of water. The ...
Lecture exam 1A
... A. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor B. ethanol is a final product C. NADH is formed D. ATP is synthesized via oxidative phosphorylation E. many of the required enzymes are membrane-bound 35. The conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phospate to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid is an important step in gly ...
... A. O2 serves as the final electron acceptor B. ethanol is a final product C. NADH is formed D. ATP is synthesized via oxidative phosphorylation E. many of the required enzymes are membrane-bound 35. The conversion of glyceraldehyde-3-phospate to 1,3-diphosphoglyceric acid is an important step in gly ...
壹 - 國立彰化師範大學圖書館
... (A) have a large aqueous area in the protein structure so are not very selective. (B) commonly contain amphipathic alpha-helices. (C) are opened or closed only as a result of a change in the transmembrane potential. (D) are the same as gap junctions (E) allow substrates to flow only form the outside ...
... (A) have a large aqueous area in the protein structure so are not very selective. (B) commonly contain amphipathic alpha-helices. (C) are opened or closed only as a result of a change in the transmembrane potential. (D) are the same as gap junctions (E) allow substrates to flow only form the outside ...
OCR A Level Biology B Learner resource
... The light-dependent stage which takes place on the thylakoid membranes where chlorophyll is situated. The light-independent stage (the Calvin Cycle) which takes place in the stroma containing enzymes which control the complex reactions. ...
... The light-dependent stage which takes place on the thylakoid membranes where chlorophyll is situated. The light-independent stage (the Calvin Cycle) which takes place in the stroma containing enzymes which control the complex reactions. ...
OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION
... • Protons transported from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space results in an electric gradient and a pH gradient • As the protons flow through the membrane channel back into the matrix they drive ATP synthesis Occurs with energy utilized by ATP synthase This proton transport couples electron ...
... • Protons transported from the matrix to the inner mitochondrial space results in an electric gradient and a pH gradient • As the protons flow through the membrane channel back into the matrix they drive ATP synthesis Occurs with energy utilized by ATP synthase This proton transport couples electron ...
Principles of BIOCHEMISTRY - Illinois State University
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
... • Muscle lactate dehydrogenase converts pyruvate to lactate • This reaction regenerates NAD+ for use by glyceraldehyde 3phosphate dehydrogenase in glycolysis • Lactate formed in skeletal muscles during exercise is transported to the liver • Liver lactate dehydrogenase can reconvert lactate to pyruva ...
Biology_Chapter 8_Cellular_Respiration
... There is another form of respiration which does not need oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is still broken down to carbon dioxide with the release of energy, but without the involvement of oxygen The glucose is not completely broken down to CO2 and H2O but ...
... There is another form of respiration which does not need oxygen and is called anaerobic respiration. In anaerobic respiration, glucose is still broken down to carbon dioxide with the release of energy, but without the involvement of oxygen The glucose is not completely broken down to CO2 and H2O but ...
Organic Molecules: The Molecules of Life
... Glucose + glucose maltose- imp in brewing Glucose and fructose sucrose (common sugar) Glucose + galactose lactose Complex Polysacchardides Includes starch, glycogen and cellulose They are long chains of glucose. Starch Storage form of carbs in plants. A potato is a special root that the plant wil ...
... Glucose + glucose maltose- imp in brewing Glucose and fructose sucrose (common sugar) Glucose + galactose lactose Complex Polysacchardides Includes starch, glycogen and cellulose They are long chains of glucose. Starch Storage form of carbs in plants. A potato is a special root that the plant wil ...
2. How we study biology • The scientific method requires controls
... stripping of hydrogen from the food. In many cases the oxidation requires oxygen. As long as life forms can produce chemical energy from some form of hydrogen donor-life is good. Reproduction is the method whereby the survival of the species is assured and at the chemical level this requires the tra ...
... stripping of hydrogen from the food. In many cases the oxidation requires oxygen. As long as life forms can produce chemical energy from some form of hydrogen donor-life is good. Reproduction is the method whereby the survival of the species is assured and at the chemical level this requires the tra ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation Goal: ATP Synthesis
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
1 - Wsfcs
... 30. The ______________________ and ______________________ of amino acids are important in determining its shape. Many proteins consist of two or more amino acid chains held together by __________________ bonds. If the __________________ of amino acids were to change, the protein might fold different ...
... 30. The ______________________ and ______________________ of amino acids are important in determining its shape. Many proteins consist of two or more amino acid chains held together by __________________ bonds. If the __________________ of amino acids were to change, the protein might fold different ...
AP Biology Review Notes - Gooch
... surroundings. Hyper means more. The solution has more solutes in the water around the cell than inside the cell. The cell will shrivel and may die. Plasmolyzed cells are plant cells that lose water. Hypotonic solution – water will enter the cell faster than it leaves. Hypo refers to less solutes in ...
... surroundings. Hyper means more. The solution has more solutes in the water around the cell than inside the cell. The cell will shrivel and may die. Plasmolyzed cells are plant cells that lose water. Hypotonic solution – water will enter the cell faster than it leaves. Hypo refers to less solutes in ...
The TCA cycle
... Energy is produced and trapped as ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Energy is also produced during the TCA cycle in the form of GTP (which is formally equivalent to ATP). Energy use in man At rest we will consume half our body weight in ATP per day! Of course we cannot store this amount of ATP. As w ...
... Energy is produced and trapped as ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Energy is also produced during the TCA cycle in the form of GTP (which is formally equivalent to ATP). Energy use in man At rest we will consume half our body weight in ATP per day! Of course we cannot store this amount of ATP. As w ...
Carbon Compounds in Cells
... – Examples: Starch: Plant storage for energy; unbranched coil chain and easily hydrolyzed – Cellulose: Found in plants for structure ...
... – Examples: Starch: Plant storage for energy; unbranched coil chain and easily hydrolyzed – Cellulose: Found in plants for structure ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑