biochemistry - Kuliah FTSL
... energy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured ...
... energy for the synthesis of sugars. Contains DNA, and like mitochondria is believed to have originated as a captured ...
Citric Acid Cycle
... final common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules provides intermediates for biosynthesis ...
... final common pathway for oxidation of fuel molecules provides intermediates for biosynthesis ...
Biochemistry Note
... C) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) - contain many glucose units and a few other monosaccharides strung together as long chains called polysaccharides - polysaccharides are insoluble and very large, therefore when eaten, reactions in the digestive system break everything down to glucose molec ...
... C) Polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) - contain many glucose units and a few other monosaccharides strung together as long chains called polysaccharides - polysaccharides are insoluble and very large, therefore when eaten, reactions in the digestive system break everything down to glucose molec ...
1 Introduction and History Introduction to the course (syllabus
... (1) not attacked by most bacteria (2) did not melt below 100o C 15. biochemistry born when Buchner discovered that sugar added to disrupted yeast (physical grinding) was fermented a. key to chemical analysis of energy-yielding metabolic processes b. similarities later observed between glycolysis by ...
... (1) not attacked by most bacteria (2) did not melt below 100o C 15. biochemistry born when Buchner discovered that sugar added to disrupted yeast (physical grinding) was fermented a. key to chemical analysis of energy-yielding metabolic processes b. similarities later observed between glycolysis by ...
Photosynthesis Notes
... – Creates oxygen, H+, and e– Oxygen – released – H+ - pumped into the thylakoid to create a concentration gradient – e- returned to the chlorophyll ...
... – Creates oxygen, H+, and e– Oxygen – released – H+ - pumped into the thylakoid to create a concentration gradient – e- returned to the chlorophyll ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this reaction to some other exergonic change. c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific enzymes whose activities can be controlled. d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat ...
... b) Both lead to the formation of ATP by coupling this reaction to some other exergonic change. c) Both involve reactions that are catalyzed by specific enzymes whose activities can be controlled. d) Both involve some energy being converted to heat ...
Topic 7.11 Chlorophyll Biosynthesis In the first phase of chlorophyll
... All the biosynthesis steps up to this point are the same for the synthesis of both chlorophyll and heme (see textbook Figure 7.28). But here the pathway branches, and the fate of the molecule depends on which metal is inserted into the center of the porphyrin. If magnesium is inserted by an enzyme ...
... All the biosynthesis steps up to this point are the same for the synthesis of both chlorophyll and heme (see textbook Figure 7.28). But here the pathway branches, and the fate of the molecule depends on which metal is inserted into the center of the porphyrin. If magnesium is inserted by an enzyme ...
Gly - mustafaaltinisik.org.uk
... Predominantly oxidative branch and phosphate pentose isomerase reaction. 3. need NADPH more than ribose 5-P Generating fructose 5-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P by both branches Changed to glucose 6-P through gluconeogenesis Thus, theoretically all glucose can be converted to CO2 and NADPH. ...
... Predominantly oxidative branch and phosphate pentose isomerase reaction. 3. need NADPH more than ribose 5-P Generating fructose 5-P and glyceraldehyde 3-P by both branches Changed to glucose 6-P through gluconeogenesis Thus, theoretically all glucose can be converted to CO2 and NADPH. ...
Slide 1
... aerobic respiration. 2. Draw a diagram of the mitochondria and label the parts. 3. Explain why it is possible that the products of anaerobic respiration in animal and plant cells results in different products even though they both start with Pyruvate. 4. Define cell respiration. 5. List the differen ...
... aerobic respiration. 2. Draw a diagram of the mitochondria and label the parts. 3. Explain why it is possible that the products of anaerobic respiration in animal and plant cells results in different products even though they both start with Pyruvate. 4. Define cell respiration. 5. List the differen ...
Fatty Acid oxidation
... Oxidation of Odd Numbered Fatty Acid Requires three additional extra reactions. Odd numbered lipids are present in plants and marine organisms Fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms are also oxidized by the same process β-oxidation as even chain FAs, removing 2 carbons as acetyl CoA in e ...
... Oxidation of Odd Numbered Fatty Acid Requires three additional extra reactions. Odd numbered lipids are present in plants and marine organisms Fatty acids with odd number of carbon atoms are also oxidized by the same process β-oxidation as even chain FAs, removing 2 carbons as acetyl CoA in e ...
A2 Physiology Revision Exam Questions
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
... explain the relationship between energy sources and intensity of exercise. (7 marks) A. At low level of exercise energy comes from a mixture of fats and carbohydrates; B. Broken down aerobically/using oxygen/aerobic system; C. Glycolysis/Anaerobic Glycolysis – glucose broken down/pyruvic acid/pyruva ...
Energy Systems - margolis sport exercise
... Humans have three processes that the body can use to obtain Energy. The cellular respiration process that converts your food energy into ATP is in large part dependent on the availability of oxygen. When you exercise, the supply and demand of oxygen available to your muscle cells is affected by the ...
... Humans have three processes that the body can use to obtain Energy. The cellular respiration process that converts your food energy into ATP is in large part dependent on the availability of oxygen. When you exercise, the supply and demand of oxygen available to your muscle cells is affected by the ...
Anaerobic Respiration
... When the animal cell does not have the necessary oxygen to break down glucose molecules, it has to carry out anaerobic respiration. This can occur in muscle cells during strenuous exercise. glucose lactic acid ( + energy) ...
... When the animal cell does not have the necessary oxygen to break down glucose molecules, it has to carry out anaerobic respiration. This can occur in muscle cells during strenuous exercise. glucose lactic acid ( + energy) ...
Evolution of Metabolic Pathway
... a metal-independent one (class I) in bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes COG1830 and a metal-dependent one (class II) in archeae, bacteria and yeast These two forms have been known for more than 50 years. Some organisms have both, eg. E. coli. ...
... a metal-independent one (class I) in bacteria and multicellular eukaryotes COG1830 and a metal-dependent one (class II) in archeae, bacteria and yeast These two forms have been known for more than 50 years. Some organisms have both, eg. E. coli. ...
Introductory Microbiology Chap. 5 Chapter Outlines/Notes I
... 1) Occurs simultaneously with the electron transport chain (they are coupled) to transfer the energy to form ATP from ADP and phosphate (ADP phosphorylation). 2) At certain points along the electron transport chain, the hydrogen atom is ‘split’; the electron and the proton are separated. Remember, s ...
... 1) Occurs simultaneously with the electron transport chain (they are coupled) to transfer the energy to form ATP from ADP and phosphate (ADP phosphorylation). 2) At certain points along the electron transport chain, the hydrogen atom is ‘split’; the electron and the proton are separated. Remember, s ...
DARK REACTIONS energy utilization The Calvin Cycle
... – Reduction (energy input, reducing equiv input) – Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (energy input – “priming step”) ...
... – Reduction (energy input, reducing equiv input) – Regeneration of the CO2 acceptor (energy input – “priming step”) ...
Final
... Complete the following narrative by circling the word or phrase in each (boldface) that most accurately completes the statement. (1 point each). There are two distinct ways microorganisms, and all other cellular beings, synthesize ATP. These are Substrate Level Phosphorylation, abbreviated SLP, and ...
... Complete the following narrative by circling the word or phrase in each (boldface) that most accurately completes the statement. (1 point each). There are two distinct ways microorganisms, and all other cellular beings, synthesize ATP. These are Substrate Level Phosphorylation, abbreviated SLP, and ...
adjusting the conditions inside when the outside conditions change
... 10. Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? ___________________ 11. Where does this process occur in prokaryotic cells? ___________________ 12. If oxygen is not present, either ____________________ or ______________ and ________ are made. Pg. 105 13. The main fuel for respiration is _____ ...
... 10. Where does this process occur in eukaryotic cells? ___________________ 11. Where does this process occur in prokaryotic cells? ___________________ 12. If oxygen is not present, either ____________________ or ______________ and ________ are made. Pg. 105 13. The main fuel for respiration is _____ ...
insulin resistance
... • Direct effects of increased levels of glucose: while liver, muscles and fat require insulin for glucose uptake, blood vessels, nerves, kidney and the eye lens do not require insulin Thus, increased intracellular levels of glucose in these cells causes: •non-enzymatic glycation (glucose binds to pr ...
... • Direct effects of increased levels of glucose: while liver, muscles and fat require insulin for glucose uptake, blood vessels, nerves, kidney and the eye lens do not require insulin Thus, increased intracellular levels of glucose in these cells causes: •non-enzymatic glycation (glucose binds to pr ...
Enzymes - Kevan Kruger
... What is the importance of enzymes in the body? Where are enzymes synthesized? What is their molecular structure and chemical make up? Where are enzymes manufactured? What is the function of enzymes in cells? How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction? Give five specific examples of enz ...
... What is the importance of enzymes in the body? Where are enzymes synthesized? What is their molecular structure and chemical make up? Where are enzymes manufactured? What is the function of enzymes in cells? How do enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction? Give five specific examples of enz ...
organic molecules
... 1. Amine (NH2) on one end, carboxyl (COOH) on the other end, and H and R groups a. portion that differs: R-group 2. More than 20 different amino acids in nature 3. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein C. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond forms a dipeptide. A long chain is called a pol ...
... 1. Amine (NH2) on one end, carboxyl (COOH) on the other end, and H and R groups a. portion that differs: R-group 2. More than 20 different amino acids in nature 3. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein C. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond forms a dipeptide. A long chain is called a pol ...
Enzyme Notes Activation Energy
... ATP – Energy Currency • Within a cell, formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, storing energy each time. • As the cell uses energy, ATP breaks down repeatedly to release energy and form ADP and phosphate. ...
... ATP – Energy Currency • Within a cell, formation of ATP from ADP and phosphate occurs over and over, storing energy each time. • As the cell uses energy, ATP breaks down repeatedly to release energy and form ADP and phosphate. ...
Cellular Respiration & Fermentation
... – Is used to pump H+ into the space between the mitochondrial membranes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... – Is used to pump H+ into the space between the mitochondrial membranes Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑