03-232 Exam III 2013 Name:__________________________
... and the TCA cycle because these pathways generate energy and none is needed. These pathways are turned on when the cell needs energy, as indicated by high AMP and ADP levels. Example, PFK in glycolysis is activated by AMP and ADP but inhibited by ATP. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase are ...
... and the TCA cycle because these pathways generate energy and none is needed. These pathways are turned on when the cell needs energy, as indicated by high AMP and ADP levels. Example, PFK in glycolysis is activated by AMP and ADP but inhibited by ATP. Pyruvate dehydrogenase and citrate synthase are ...
Period Date
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
... When oxygen is not available in cells, fermentation takes place instead. Fermentation is an anaerobic process that allows glycolysis to continue, but does not produce ATP on its own. The main function of fermentation is to remove electrons from molecules of NADH, the energy-carrier produced by glyco ...
CITRIC ACID (KREB`S, TCA) CYCLE
... The citric acid cycle is regulated at multiple points. However, in general it is safe to say that it is inhibited by ATP and NADH. The inhibition by NADH keeps it tightly regulated by oxygen supply, since NADH is converted to NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition by ATP keeps the citric ...
... The citric acid cycle is regulated at multiple points. However, in general it is safe to say that it is inhibited by ATP and NADH. The inhibition by NADH keeps it tightly regulated by oxygen supply, since NADH is converted to NAD+ by oxidative phosphorylation. The inhibition by ATP keeps the citric ...
Energy Transfer
... • Cells store only a small quantity of ATP and must therefore continually resynthesize it at its rate of use. • ATP is a relatively heavy molecule and the average sedentary person resynthesizes enough ATP in one day to equal ~ 75% their body weight. • The body stores ~ 80-100 g of ATP at any time. • ...
... • Cells store only a small quantity of ATP and must therefore continually resynthesize it at its rate of use. • ATP is a relatively heavy molecule and the average sedentary person resynthesizes enough ATP in one day to equal ~ 75% their body weight. • The body stores ~ 80-100 g of ATP at any time. • ...
Allosteric enzymes
... Ex. Glucokinase Km 5 mM: If blood glucose 4 mM -> Vi = 0.44 Vmax (Vm x 4mM/ (5mM + 4 mM) Blood glucose 20 mM -> Vi = 0.8 Vmax (Vm x 20mM/ 5 + 20 mM ...
... Ex. Glucokinase Km 5 mM: If blood glucose 4 mM -> Vi = 0.44 Vmax (Vm x 4mM/ (5mM + 4 mM) Blood glucose 20 mM -> Vi = 0.8 Vmax (Vm x 20mM/ 5 + 20 mM ...
How Cells Harvest Chemical Energy
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
... Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings ...
Chapter 26
... – most serve as fuel – easily oxidized source of chemical energy • most cells meet energy needs by a combination of carbohydrates and fats • neurons and erythrocytes depend solely on carbohydrates • hypoglycemia - deficiency of blood glucose – causes nervous system disturbances such as weakness and ...
... – most serve as fuel – easily oxidized source of chemical energy • most cells meet energy needs by a combination of carbohydrates and fats • neurons and erythrocytes depend solely on carbohydrates • hypoglycemia - deficiency of blood glucose – causes nervous system disturbances such as weakness and ...
The tricarboxylic acid cycle In many bacteria, yeasts, filamentous
... of the complete TCA cycle, the two-carbon fragment is oxidized to two CO2 molecules and oxaloacetate is regenerated to accept a further two-carbon unit. Three reactions within the cycle result in NADH formation and one generates FADH2, and a single ATP molecule is formed indirectly by a substrate-le ...
... of the complete TCA cycle, the two-carbon fragment is oxidized to two CO2 molecules and oxaloacetate is regenerated to accept a further two-carbon unit. Three reactions within the cycle result in NADH formation and one generates FADH2, and a single ATP molecule is formed indirectly by a substrate-le ...
Complex Molecules
... • What is carb loading? • What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates? • Which one is better to eat? ...
... • What is carb loading? • What is the difference between simple carbohydrates and complex carbohydrates? • Which one is better to eat? ...
1.3.7 Metabolic Role of Biomolecules
... Respiration – energy is released when glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide and water – catabolism Photosynthesis – glucose molecules are made from carbon dioxide and water using the sun’s energy – anabolism ...
... Respiration – energy is released when glucose is broken down to form carbon dioxide and water – catabolism Photosynthesis – glucose molecules are made from carbon dioxide and water using the sun’s energy – anabolism ...
SBI-4U1 Exam Review
... You are allowed to bring a rough draft into the exam. If you do so, it must be submitted with the exam. Your answer must be in essay format with complete sentences and paragraphs. Content, organization, grammar and spelling all count. 1. Discuss the reasons why the development of: proteins and nucle ...
... You are allowed to bring a rough draft into the exam. If you do so, it must be submitted with the exam. Your answer must be in essay format with complete sentences and paragraphs. Content, organization, grammar and spelling all count. 1. Discuss the reasons why the development of: proteins and nucle ...
2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules
... hydrogen bonds. – Destroyed at temperatures above 50˚C – Work best at pH of 7 ...
... hydrogen bonds. – Destroyed at temperatures above 50˚C – Work best at pH of 7 ...
Chapter 19
... chemical energy of ATP, Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory that electron transport is accompanied by an accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion, which in turn creates osmotic pressure; the protons driven back to the mitochondrion under this pressure gener ...
... chemical energy of ATP, Peter Mitchell proposed the chemiosmotic theory that electron transport is accompanied by an accumulation of protons in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion, which in turn creates osmotic pressure; the protons driven back to the mitochondrion under this pressure gener ...
III. Cellular Respiration
... 2. Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun a. Example: Plants, algae, and some bacteria can trap energy from the sun (light energy) and convert it into food (chemical energy) ...
... 2. Autotrophs – organisms that make their own food using energy from the sun a. Example: Plants, algae, and some bacteria can trap energy from the sun (light energy) and convert it into food (chemical energy) ...
Chem*3560 Lecture 22: Fatty acid desaturation Relationship of
... In animals, there is no way to convert fats to sugars, since acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back into pyruvate. Fats can only be consumed for energy metabolism, and if energy metabolism consumes less fat that is produced, fat accumulates. On the other hand, sugars and other carbohydrates are easily ...
... In animals, there is no way to convert fats to sugars, since acetyl-CoA cannot be converted back into pyruvate. Fats can only be consumed for energy metabolism, and if energy metabolism consumes less fat that is produced, fat accumulates. On the other hand, sugars and other carbohydrates are easily ...
Final Exam 2
... Exercise intensity and duration are inversely related. For example, an athlete can not perform high power, high-intensity moves over a prolonged period. In order to prolong the exercise duration, its intensity must be reduced. That is because at high intensities, oxygen availability is decreased and ...
... Exercise intensity and duration are inversely related. For example, an athlete can not perform high power, high-intensity moves over a prolonged period. In order to prolong the exercise duration, its intensity must be reduced. That is because at high intensities, oxygen availability is decreased and ...
TOPIC: Cells AIM: What is cellular respiration?
... (1.) require oxygen (2.) use light energy (3.) release energy (4.) produce glucose ...
... (1.) require oxygen (2.) use light energy (3.) release energy (4.) produce glucose ...
7 | cellular respiration
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
... specificity that catalyzes the phosphorylation of six-carbon sugars. Hexokinase phosphorylates glucose using ATP as the source of the phosphate, producing glucose-6-phosphate, a more reactive form of glucose. This reaction prevents the phosphorylated glucose molecule from continuing to interact with ...
... Since A→B requires energy the conversion of A→B must be thermodynamically unfavorable unless it is coupled to the hydrolysis of ATP. Therefore the reverse reaction would be spontaneous and need not use the same enzyme. In addition, the coordinated regulation of the opposing pathways would require tw ...
Properties of the Major Biological Molecules
... provide cushion for internal tissues, and provide long-term energy storage for future needs. In what foods would I find fat? Vegetable oils, lard, butter, whole milk, peanuts, coconuts, avocados, all are high in fat. Why are some fats found in solid forms while others are liquids? Animal fats te ...
... provide cushion for internal tissues, and provide long-term energy storage for future needs. In what foods would I find fat? Vegetable oils, lard, butter, whole milk, peanuts, coconuts, avocados, all are high in fat. Why are some fats found in solid forms while others are liquids? Animal fats te ...
Quiz Ch 6
... January. "They lose the weight, they feel fine, then they get to their goal weight and they still have 60 more years to live, and are they going to go hungry for all 60 years?" Atkins was a cardiologist and businessman, selling supplements and food on his Web site and at the Atkins Center for Comple ...
... January. "They lose the weight, they feel fine, then they get to their goal weight and they still have 60 more years to live, and are they going to go hungry for all 60 years?" Atkins was a cardiologist and businessman, selling supplements and food on his Web site and at the Atkins Center for Comple ...
Chapter 6
... The logic: •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
... The logic: •Oxidizes NADH, generating NAD for use in further rounds of glucose breakdown •Stops short of the transition step and the TCA cycle, which together generate 5X more reducing power ...
Kin 310 Exercise/Work Physiology
... Glycogen Re-synthesis • Requires 1-2 days and depends on – type of exercise – amount of dietary carbs consumed ...
... Glycogen Re-synthesis • Requires 1-2 days and depends on – type of exercise – amount of dietary carbs consumed ...
Unit 3: Cellular Energetics
... Frogs of three different species were weighed and the amount of oxygen consumed by each species was determined by placing them in a respirometer for 1 hour. The results of this experiment are shown on the right. ...
... Frogs of three different species were weighed and the amount of oxygen consumed by each species was determined by placing them in a respirometer for 1 hour. The results of this experiment are shown on the right. ...
Carbohydrate Catabolism Cellular Respiration
... • 3) Electron transport Chain – Most significant ATP production – Carrier molecules pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor – Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) ...
... • 3) Electron transport Chain – Most significant ATP production – Carrier molecules pass electrons from one to another to final electron acceptor – Energy from electrons used to pump protons (H+) ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑