Preview Sample 1
... important, its knock-out will result in lethality. On the other hand, if it's very important its function will be duplicated by another protein, and there will be no obvious phenotype for the knock-out." Please explain this statement in your own words. ...
... important, its knock-out will result in lethality. On the other hand, if it's very important its function will be duplicated by another protein, and there will be no obvious phenotype for the knock-out." Please explain this statement in your own words. ...
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... that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called ...
... that are not used within that cell, but are needed somewhere else. Such products are called ...
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... 29 NAD+/NADH • NAD+ is involved in a variety of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation/reduction reactions; we deal with two of these in this chapter ...
... 29 NAD+/NADH • NAD+ is involved in a variety of enzyme-catalyzed oxidation/reduction reactions; we deal with two of these in this chapter ...
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... generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
... generate the 32 ATP in the final stage? – 4 ATP - generated using electrons released during glycolysis and carried by NADH – 28 ATP - generated using electrons formed during second-stage reactions and carried by NADH and FADH2 ...
Organization: The 6 Essential Elements
... There are several types of lipids, but all contain subunits of glycerol and fatty acids made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is different from a carbohydrate because of the ratio and because the smaller units do not link together to form a chemical chain a. Fats can be saturated (usually solid a ...
... There are several types of lipids, but all contain subunits of glycerol and fatty acids made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. It is different from a carbohydrate because of the ratio and because the smaller units do not link together to form a chemical chain a. Fats can be saturated (usually solid a ...
Baumgard Post absorptive CHO metabolism
... – Occurs in the liver and muscle – The synthesis of a branched polysaccharide form glucose….resembles amylopectin – Liver stores are especially important as an emergency source of blood glucose ...
... – Occurs in the liver and muscle – The synthesis of a branched polysaccharide form glucose….resembles amylopectin – Liver stores are especially important as an emergency source of blood glucose ...
Energy Systems and Muscle Fibre Types
... Uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and proteins to make ATP By-products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) ...
... Uses glucose, glycogen, fats, and proteins to make ATP By-products are carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) ...
Chemistry of Life: The Four Macromolecules
... • A. Monosaccharides = the monomers for carbohydrates • Saccharide = sugar. • mono = means 1. ...
... • A. Monosaccharides = the monomers for carbohydrates • Saccharide = sugar. • mono = means 1. ...
Regulation of T Lymphocyte Metabolism
... similar to those seen with mitogenic lectins or treatment of insulin-responsive tissues with insulin. T cells increase glucose transporter expression, glucose uptake, and glycolysis in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation, and these effects are dependent on PI3K activity (3). As with lectin stimulation, ...
... similar to those seen with mitogenic lectins or treatment of insulin-responsive tissues with insulin. T cells increase glucose transporter expression, glucose uptake, and glycolysis in response to CD3/CD28 stimulation, and these effects are dependent on PI3K activity (3). As with lectin stimulation, ...
Oxidative Phosphorylation Goal: ATP Synthesis
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
... • In vivo, P/O ratio closer to 2.5 and 1.5 due to other proton “leaking” – i.e. importing phosphate ...
Reading Guide for Week 4
... to harvest energy and produce precursor metabolites (through catabolism) that are then used by the cell to synthesize subunits which are used to build macromolecules which are used to build cell structures (through anabolism) all driven by the activity of enzymes. 3. A brief look at the diversity of ...
... to harvest energy and produce precursor metabolites (through catabolism) that are then used by the cell to synthesize subunits which are used to build macromolecules which are used to build cell structures (through anabolism) all driven by the activity of enzymes. 3. A brief look at the diversity of ...
Toxicology I
... become more disorderly. • This trend toward disorder is called entropy. • Complex systems (including us) don’t tend to last long, unless… • They have a constant supply of energy to combat entropy. ...
... become more disorderly. • This trend toward disorder is called entropy. • Complex systems (including us) don’t tend to last long, unless… • They have a constant supply of energy to combat entropy. ...
Review Sheet - Phillips Scientific Methods
... Gram of fat = twice as much energy as gram of polysaccharides Starch is used for energy storage, but use oils for dispersal and seeds Fats used in animals as adipose cells as long term storage, cushioning of organs, and insulation. o Think seals and whales Phospholipids – cell membranes Two ...
... Gram of fat = twice as much energy as gram of polysaccharides Starch is used for energy storage, but use oils for dispersal and seeds Fats used in animals as adipose cells as long term storage, cushioning of organs, and insulation. o Think seals and whales Phospholipids – cell membranes Two ...
respiration review
... are passed down the 9 components of the ETC, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, from the matrix side into the intermembrane space. As each component of the chain accepts and then donates an electron, it pumps hydrogen protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. ...
... are passed down the 9 components of the ETC, hydrogen ions are pumped across the membrane, from the matrix side into the intermembrane space. As each component of the chain accepts and then donates an electron, it pumps hydrogen protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space. ...
Chapter 9
... respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen • Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate • In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP • Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation Cop ...
... respiration enable cells to produce ATP without the use of oxygen • Without O2, the electron transport chain will cease to operate • In that case, glycolysis couples with fermentation or anaerobic respiration to produce ATP • Two common types are alcohol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation Cop ...
video slide
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
... glucose NADH electron transport chain proton-motive force ATP • About 40% of the energy in a glucose molecule is transferred to ATP during cellular respiration, making about 38 ATP ...
Metabolism without Oxygen
... respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. If aerobic respiration does not occur, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse as an electron carrier for the glycolytic pathway to continue. How is thi ...
... respiration occurs, then ATP will be produced using the energy of high-energy electrons carried by NADH or FADH2 to the electron transport chain. If aerobic respiration does not occur, NADH must be reoxidized to NAD+ for reuse as an electron carrier for the glycolytic pathway to continue. How is thi ...
AP Chapter 5A WS - TJ
... b. often involves the removal of a water molecule. c. links the sugar of one nucleotide with the phosphate of the next. d. requires a condensation or dehydration reaction. e. may involve all of the above. 26. Which of the following is not true of a pentose? a. It can be found in nucleic acids. b. It ...
... b. often involves the removal of a water molecule. c. links the sugar of one nucleotide with the phosphate of the next. d. requires a condensation or dehydration reaction. e. may involve all of the above. 26. Which of the following is not true of a pentose? a. It can be found in nucleic acids. b. It ...
2.Carbohydrates - Distance Education Chennai
... aldoses and ketoses occur in an equilibrium (starting with chain lengths of C4) cyclic forms. These are generated by bond formation between one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar chain with the carbon of the aldehyde or keto group to form a hemiacetal bond. This leads to saturated five-membered (i ...
... aldoses and ketoses occur in an equilibrium (starting with chain lengths of C4) cyclic forms. These are generated by bond formation between one of the hydroxyl groups of the sugar chain with the carbon of the aldehyde or keto group to form a hemiacetal bond. This leads to saturated five-membered (i ...
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... We report the cases of two individuals, one in Tacoma, WA, and the second in San Diego, CA, whose deaths were attributed to ingestion of 2,4dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). 2,4-DNP has historically been used as a herbicide and fungicide. By uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the drug causes ...
... We report the cases of two individuals, one in Tacoma, WA, and the second in San Diego, CA, whose deaths were attributed to ingestion of 2,4dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP). 2,4-DNP has historically been used as a herbicide and fungicide. By uncoupling mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation, the drug causes ...
Bio II Elodea Lab: Photosynthesis and Cellular
... The dark reactions return ADP, P and NADP+ to the light reaction. For every three molecules of ______ that enter the cycle the net output is one molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate, a 3C sugar. To fix the _______molecules the cycle spends nine molecules of _______and six molecules of NADPH. You wil ...
... The dark reactions return ADP, P and NADP+ to the light reaction. For every three molecules of ______ that enter the cycle the net output is one molecule of glyceraldehyde phosphate, a 3C sugar. To fix the _______molecules the cycle spends nine molecules of _______and six molecules of NADPH. You wil ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑