Cellular Metabolism
... 2) __________ are stripped from their H atoms and passed from protein to _________ along the ETC 3) ________ from the electrons allows ____ ions to be pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space 4) At the end of the ETC, ____ ions diffuse back through ATP __________, providing energy to conv ...
... 2) __________ are stripped from their H atoms and passed from protein to _________ along the ETC 3) ________ from the electrons allows ____ ions to be pumped from the matrix into the intermembrane space 4) At the end of the ETC, ____ ions diffuse back through ATP __________, providing energy to conv ...
Name - ebfairweather
... Explain why a food chain or pyramid seldom has more than four trophic levels. From the organisms in the box, create a pyramid of energy with four trophic levels. Using the organisms in the box above, give an example of a population ...
... Explain why a food chain or pyramid seldom has more than four trophic levels. From the organisms in the box, create a pyramid of energy with four trophic levels. Using the organisms in the box above, give an example of a population ...
2.3: Carbon-Based Molecules
... • Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group • Interact to give a protein its shape and function • Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form chains ...
... • Contain an amino group and a carboxyl group • Interact to give a protein its shape and function • Peptide bonds form between amino acids to form chains ...
Cellular Respiration and Fermentation
... The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as the ...
... The electron transport chain is in the inner membrane (cristae) of the mitochondrion Most of the chain’s components are proteins, which exist in multi-protein complexes The carriers alternate reduced and oxidized states as they accept and donate electrons Electrons drop in free energy as the ...
Blood glucose homeostasis
... promoted by glucokinase which has a lower affinity than hexokinase. • The activity of glucokinase increases with high blood glucose levels and the liver removes glucose from the portal blood after a meal. • After uptake and phosphorylation, excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. ...
... promoted by glucokinase which has a lower affinity than hexokinase. • The activity of glucokinase increases with high blood glucose levels and the liver removes glucose from the portal blood after a meal. • After uptake and phosphorylation, excess glucose is stored in the liver as glycogen. ...
Enzymes
... Adding energy to a substance makes it more reactive For different reactions different energy thresholds are needed Enzymes lower that threshold ...
... Adding energy to a substance makes it more reactive For different reactions different energy thresholds are needed Enzymes lower that threshold ...
The citric acid cycle is the
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
... transformation of acetyl-CoA to oxaloacetate. Thus, for every succinate that enters the reversed cycle, two succinates are returned, making the cycle highly autocatalytic. • Because TCA cycle intermediates are involved in many biosynthetic pathways, a reversed TCA cycle would be a bountifuland broad ...
Mitochondrial Lab - University of Colorado Denver
... 2) TCA CYCLE (or Kreb’s cycle)- where what is left of glucose is broken all the way down to C02 and all the electrons are stripped off 3) Electrons are carried (by NADH or FADH2) to the electron transport chain and ATP synthase where ATP is made from electron energy (ch. 10) ...
... 2) TCA CYCLE (or Kreb’s cycle)- where what is left of glucose is broken all the way down to C02 and all the electrons are stripped off 3) Electrons are carried (by NADH or FADH2) to the electron transport chain and ATP synthase where ATP is made from electron energy (ch. 10) ...
The Lactic Acid System
... widely believed myth is that an accumulation of lactic acid or lactic acid crystals or lactate is the cause of the stiffness felt after a marathon or long run. This stiffness is due mostly to damage to the muscle. Lactic acid exists only momentarily and thus neither it nor lactic acid crystals can a ...
... widely believed myth is that an accumulation of lactic acid or lactic acid crystals or lactate is the cause of the stiffness felt after a marathon or long run. This stiffness is due mostly to damage to the muscle. Lactic acid exists only momentarily and thus neither it nor lactic acid crystals can a ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
... the chemical intermediates are exactly the same over all organisms; only the cofactors and enzymes show variations. For example, some bacteria, protists and perhaps all plants have a phosphofructokinase that uses pyrophosphate instead of ATP in glycolysis. The very fact that the Entner–Doudoroff pat ...
... the chemical intermediates are exactly the same over all organisms; only the cofactors and enzymes show variations. For example, some bacteria, protists and perhaps all plants have a phosphofructokinase that uses pyrophosphate instead of ATP in glycolysis. The very fact that the Entner–Doudoroff pat ...
MEMBRANE-BOUND ELECTRON TRANSFER AND ATP
... Free energy for these processes comes from the environment Phototrophs - obtained by trapping light energy Chemotrophs – energy by oxidation of foodstuffs ...
... Free energy for these processes comes from the environment Phototrophs - obtained by trapping light energy Chemotrophs – energy by oxidation of foodstuffs ...
1495/Chapter 03
... Recall that during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, ATP molecules are produced through substratelevel phosphorylation. In this process, the ADP molecule is phosphorylated. A phosphate group is moved from another substrate (like PEP) to ADP to make ATP. In the electron transport chain, the carriers ar ...
... Recall that during glycolysis and the Krebs cycle, ATP molecules are produced through substratelevel phosphorylation. In this process, the ADP molecule is phosphorylated. A phosphate group is moved from another substrate (like PEP) to ADP to make ATP. In the electron transport chain, the carriers ar ...
THE MOLECULES OF LIFE
... Protein catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction Lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction Each enzyme only catalyzes one reaction How enzymes work: o Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site like lock and key o In active site, substrate is converted to product o Product leave ...
... Protein catalysts that speed up a chemical reaction Lower the activation energy needed to start a reaction Each enzyme only catalyzes one reaction How enzymes work: o Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site like lock and key o In active site, substrate is converted to product o Product leave ...
Temperature Homeostasis (thermoregulation)
... animals can do this physiologically. Animals that maintain a fairly constant body temperature (birds and mammals) are called endotherms, while those that have a variable body temperature (all others) are called ectotherms. Endotherms normally maintain their body temperatures at around 35 - 40°C, so ...
... animals can do this physiologically. Animals that maintain a fairly constant body temperature (birds and mammals) are called endotherms, while those that have a variable body temperature (all others) are called ectotherms. Endotherms normally maintain their body temperatures at around 35 - 40°C, so ...
Cellular Respiration
... 4 phases of glucose breakdown: Glycolysis – glucose is broken down in cytoplasm to two molecules of pyruvate, some ATP formed Transition reaction – pyruvate is oxidized, NADH is formed, and waste CO2 removed Citric acid cycle – NADH and FADH2, release of CO2, and production of additional ATP Electro ...
... 4 phases of glucose breakdown: Glycolysis – glucose is broken down in cytoplasm to two molecules of pyruvate, some ATP formed Transition reaction – pyruvate is oxidized, NADH is formed, and waste CO2 removed Citric acid cycle – NADH and FADH2, release of CO2, and production of additional ATP Electro ...
Biochemistry PP
... -Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon . -The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon -Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule -Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of th ...
... -Next, line up the two Glucose molecules side by side. -To the left Glucose molecule, remove an –OH from the 1st Carbon . -The Glucose on the right will remove a H from the 4th Carbon -Take the –OH and the – to make a water molecule -Join the Oxygen from the Glucose on the right to the Carbon of th ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑