Metabolic effects of very-low-carbohydrate diets
... glucose transporters in all cell membranes at all times to ensure enough glucose uptake to satisfy the cell’s respiration, even in the absence of insulin 21. Insulin can and does increase the number of these transporters in some cells but glucose uptake is never truly insulin dependent. Even under c ...
... glucose transporters in all cell membranes at all times to ensure enough glucose uptake to satisfy the cell’s respiration, even in the absence of insulin 21. Insulin can and does increase the number of these transporters in some cells but glucose uptake is never truly insulin dependent. Even under c ...
BIO PLACEMENT TEST REVIEW QUESTIONS Review 1: Answer
... 37) Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle? A) G1, G2, S, M B) G1, G2, M, S C) M, S, G1, G2 D) G1, S, G2, M E) G1, M, G2, S 38) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the genetic information in the cells of your body? A) Different kinds of body cells contain different ge ...
... 37) Which represents the correct sequence of stages in the cell cycle? A) G1, G2, S, M B) G1, G2, M, S C) M, S, G1, G2 D) G1, S, G2, M E) G1, M, G2, S 38) Which of the following is TRUE regarding the genetic information in the cells of your body? A) Different kinds of body cells contain different ge ...
3 Chemistry
... Ketones are acidic, and if they build up in the blood, they will cause acidosis (low blood pH). Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketone is fructose. Ketosis A metabolic state in which the body produces ketones to be used as fuel by some organs so that glycogen c ...
... Ketones are acidic, and if they build up in the blood, they will cause acidosis (low blood pH). Many sugars are ketones, known collectively as ketoses. The best known ketone is fructose. Ketosis A metabolic state in which the body produces ketones to be used as fuel by some organs so that glycogen c ...
Ativity 30
... • …are highly specific; they only act only on a small number of substrates (often just one.) • …increase the rate of a chemical reaction. • …are re-used; they are not consumed in the reaction. E + S ES complex E + Product(s) *If there is no working enzyme, the reaction may still occur very slow ...
... • …are highly specific; they only act only on a small number of substrates (often just one.) • …increase the rate of a chemical reaction. • …are re-used; they are not consumed in the reaction. E + S ES complex E + Product(s) *If there is no working enzyme, the reaction may still occur very slow ...
Name
... 28. In the context of chemical evolution, DNA's structure is interesting because it suggests a possible copying mechanism. What about DNA's structure facilitates copying? A) DNA always goes from 5' to 3'. B) The nitrogenous bases are located on the inside of the double helix. C) It has the same numb ...
... 28. In the context of chemical evolution, DNA's structure is interesting because it suggests a possible copying mechanism. What about DNA's structure facilitates copying? A) DNA always goes from 5' to 3'. B) The nitrogenous bases are located on the inside of the double helix. C) It has the same numb ...
ap-ch-8-8ed-powerpoint
... cell would be dead. To keep this from happening, the product of one reaction is becomes a reactant for another reaction. This keeps products from building up and prevents the cell from reaching equilibrium. ...
... cell would be dead. To keep this from happening, the product of one reaction is becomes a reactant for another reaction. This keeps products from building up and prevents the cell from reaching equilibrium. ...
Ketogenesis (Biosynthesis of ketone bodies)
... 1- 3-hydroxy butyrate is oxidized to acetoacetate by 3hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase, producing NADH. 2- Acetoacetate receives a coenzyme A from succinyl CoA by the action of succinyl CoA - acetoacetate CoA transferase [succinyl CoA transferase] present in all tissues except the liver ? its absence ...
... 1- 3-hydroxy butyrate is oxidized to acetoacetate by 3hydroxy butyrate dehydrogenase, producing NADH. 2- Acetoacetate receives a coenzyme A from succinyl CoA by the action of succinyl CoA - acetoacetate CoA transferase [succinyl CoA transferase] present in all tissues except the liver ? its absence ...
Protein
... or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well. They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membran ...
... or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well. They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membran ...
Document
... Coupling of Electron Transport with ATP Synthesis Electron transport is tightly coupled to phosphorylation. ATP can not be synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation unless there is energy from electron transport. Electrons do not flow through the electron-transport chain to O2 unless ADP is phosphory ...
... Coupling of Electron Transport with ATP Synthesis Electron transport is tightly coupled to phosphorylation. ATP can not be synthesized by oxidative phosphorylation unless there is energy from electron transport. Electrons do not flow through the electron-transport chain to O2 unless ADP is phosphory ...
File - Serrano High School AP Biology
... ATP originates when anaerobic respiration (fermentation) takes place in the absence of oxygen. What happens is that sugar is broken down into smaller molecules and energy is released? The energy is used to generate ATP from ADP and P. ADP + P ----> ATP Sugar --------------------------> smaller molec ...
... ATP originates when anaerobic respiration (fermentation) takes place in the absence of oxygen. What happens is that sugar is broken down into smaller molecules and energy is released? The energy is used to generate ATP from ADP and P. ADP + P ----> ATP Sugar --------------------------> smaller molec ...
Biochemistry notes (updated 10/26)
... or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well. They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membran ...
... or unsaturated) + phosphate. These monomers combine by dehydration synthesis Phospholipids have both polar and nonpolar sections. As a result, they are able to dissolve in both type of solvents as well. They are important for living things because they form the borders of all cells (cell membran ...
Document
... competitive inhibitor of A) shikimate (in the aromatic amino acid pathway). B) tryptophan. C) lysine. D) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). 3. The conversion of tetrahydrofolate to methylene tetrahydrofolate is coupled to which amino acid conversion? A) serine → glycine B) glutamate → gglycine C) serine → t ...
... competitive inhibitor of A) shikimate (in the aromatic amino acid pathway). B) tryptophan. C) lysine. D) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). 3. The conversion of tetrahydrofolate to methylene tetrahydrofolate is coupled to which amino acid conversion? A) serine → glycine B) glutamate → gglycine C) serine → t ...
Amino acid Metabolism 2
... competitive inhibitor of A) shikimate (in the aromatic amino acid pathway). B) tryptophan. C) lysine. D) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). 3. The conversion of tetrahydrofolate to methylene tetrahydrofolate is coupled to which amino acid conversion? A) serine → glycine B) glutamate → gglycine C) serine → ...
... competitive inhibitor of A) shikimate (in the aromatic amino acid pathway). B) tryptophan. C) lysine. D) phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP). 3. The conversion of tetrahydrofolate to methylene tetrahydrofolate is coupled to which amino acid conversion? A) serine → glycine B) glutamate → gglycine C) serine → ...
Chapter 19 Lipid Metabolism
... Can synthesize fatty acids from sugars, some amino acids, and other fatty acids. →Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. The body synthesizes palmitic acid (16:0), and then modifies it to form other fatty acids. Synthesis of Palmitic Acid 8 acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP +14NADPH +14H+ → pa ...
... Can synthesize fatty acids from sugars, some amino acids, and other fatty acids. →Fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl-CoA in the cytosol. The body synthesizes palmitic acid (16:0), and then modifies it to form other fatty acids. Synthesis of Palmitic Acid 8 acetyl-CoA + 7 ATP +14NADPH +14H+ → pa ...
Citrate Cycle
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
... • Based on ATP currency exchange ratio, and the one substrate level phosphorylation reaction, each turn of the cycle produces ~10 ATP for every acetyl-CoA that is oxidized. • Since regeneration of NAD+ and FAD inside the mitochondrial matrix is required to maintain flux through the citrate cycle (f ...
4/5, 4/7 biology worksheet Definitions: ∆G, Activation energy
... c. 100 ATPs d. You wouldn’t need any ATPs because it’s not really biology-related experiment. The reason why I said it requires energy to make flower from red paper and glue is because it is an example of a. Catabolic reaction b. Anabolic reaction c. Exergonic reaction d. None of these. Because it’s ...
... c. 100 ATPs d. You wouldn’t need any ATPs because it’s not really biology-related experiment. The reason why I said it requires energy to make flower from red paper and glue is because it is an example of a. Catabolic reaction b. Anabolic reaction c. Exergonic reaction d. None of these. Because it’s ...
What are Vitamins?
... – Vitamins form through biochemical life processes of the plants and animals we eat. Examples: 1. Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C; not humans and primates. 2. No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do. 3. Some function as vitamins after undergoing a chemical change: Provitamins ...
... – Vitamins form through biochemical life processes of the plants and animals we eat. Examples: 1. Most mammals can synthesize vitamin C; not humans and primates. 2. No mammal can synthesize B vitamins but rumen bacteria do. 3. Some function as vitamins after undergoing a chemical change: Provitamins ...
Week 4
... ATP formation • Driving force- electrochemical proton gradient = “proton-motive force” • Electrochemical gradient is made up of membrane potential + proton gradient (syn. pH gradient) • see Figure 13-12 ...
... ATP formation • Driving force- electrochemical proton gradient = “proton-motive force” • Electrochemical gradient is made up of membrane potential + proton gradient (syn. pH gradient) • see Figure 13-12 ...
Diapositiva 1
... To promote the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. To increase the glucose level in blood. ...
... To promote the breakdown of glycogen into glucose. To increase the glucose level in blood. ...
Week 4
... ATP formation • Driving force- electrochemical proton gradient = “proton-motive force” • Electrochemical gradient is made up of membrane potential + proton gradient (syn. pH gradient) • see Figure 13-12 ...
... ATP formation • Driving force- electrochemical proton gradient = “proton-motive force” • Electrochemical gradient is made up of membrane potential + proton gradient (syn. pH gradient) • see Figure 13-12 ...
Sample Exam #1 ( file)
... Which of the following is NOT correct about amino acids? A. Amino acids contain asymmetric carbon atoms. B. Amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl group fastened to an asymmetric carbon. C. Amino acids can make peptide bonds. D. There are over 30 kinds of individual amino acids found in t ...
... Which of the following is NOT correct about amino acids? A. Amino acids contain asymmetric carbon atoms. B. Amino acids contain an amino group and a carboxyl group fastened to an asymmetric carbon. C. Amino acids can make peptide bonds. D. There are over 30 kinds of individual amino acids found in t ...
Preview Sample 1
... 36. Which statement regarding the Citric acid cycle is incorrect? A. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. B. Carbon dioxide is released. C. Several ATP molecules are produced per turn. D. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic CoA acid initially react to form citric acid. E. As a molecule of GTP is formed. ...
... 36. Which statement regarding the Citric acid cycle is incorrect? A. It occurs in the mitochondrial matrix. B. Carbon dioxide is released. C. Several ATP molecules are produced per turn. D. Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetic CoA acid initially react to form citric acid. E. As a molecule of GTP is formed. ...
Anaerobic Energy Systems
... Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) When aerobic exercise begins, the oxygen transport system does not immediately supply the needed quantity of oxygen to the active muscles because oxygen consumption requires several minutes to reach steady state. Because oxygen needs and oxygen supply dif ...
... Post Exercise Oxygen Consumption (EPOC) When aerobic exercise begins, the oxygen transport system does not immediately supply the needed quantity of oxygen to the active muscles because oxygen consumption requires several minutes to reach steady state. Because oxygen needs and oxygen supply dif ...
Biology 4A Exam 2 Study Guide The exam will consist of multiple
... index to help define terms and find subjects. Good Luck!!! Although I’ve try to include everything on this list, this is by all means not everything on the exam. There may have been a few omissions, if so, please let me know and I'll include them as you could be tested on the stuff that's omitted. I ...
... index to help define terms and find subjects. Good Luck!!! Although I’ve try to include everything on this list, this is by all means not everything on the exam. There may have been a few omissions, if so, please let me know and I'll include them as you could be tested on the stuff that's omitted. I ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑