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... area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to generate ATP. The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, which the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric a ...
... area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to generate ATP. The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, which the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids, and the citric a ...
93KB - NZQA
... cellular respiration, eg: • The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert the chemical energy in glucose molecules to a form of energy that every cell in the body can use. This energy (ATP) can then be used by the mammal to carry out life processes. A summary process / systems / steps involved i ...
... cellular respiration, eg: • The purpose of cellular respiration is to convert the chemical energy in glucose molecules to a form of energy that every cell in the body can use. This energy (ATP) can then be used by the mammal to carry out life processes. A summary process / systems / steps involved i ...
PENTOSE PHOSPHATE PATHWAY AND FRUCTOSE METABOLISM
... synthetic reactions, e.g. fatty acid synthesis and reduction of glutathione • Provide pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis ...
... synthetic reactions, e.g. fatty acid synthesis and reduction of glutathione • Provide pentose phosphate for nucleic acid synthesis ...
![5 What is a common suffix for [specific] carbohydrates?](http://s1.studyres.com/store/data/022181134_1-4f515c1905e7175ecdc48dc4ef73c4d4-300x300.png)
5 What is a common suffix for [specific] carbohydrates?
... • Insulin: pancreatic hormone which signals cells to uptake glucose from blood (into cells) • People with Diabetes either do not produce insulin or do not respond to insulin that is present ...
... • Insulin: pancreatic hormone which signals cells to uptake glucose from blood (into cells) • People with Diabetes either do not produce insulin or do not respond to insulin that is present ...
Unit 4 Notes - heckgrammar.co.uk
... 5. GP is converted in a series of steps to form the 3-carbon compound pyruvate. Another ATP is made during this process. Pyruvate marks the end of glycolysis, the first stage of respiration. Pyruvate can also be turned back into glucose by reversing glycolysis, and this is called gluconeogenesis. 6. ...
... 5. GP is converted in a series of steps to form the 3-carbon compound pyruvate. Another ATP is made during this process. Pyruvate marks the end of glycolysis, the first stage of respiration. Pyruvate can also be turned back into glucose by reversing glycolysis, and this is called gluconeogenesis. 6. ...
Lactic Acid Bacteria: Characteristics
... • Low pH also inhibits growth of other bacteria • Give tart taste to fermented milks • Growth is self-limiting (build up of waste products) • Used in probiotics (presence in livestock feed inhibits ...
... • Low pH also inhibits growth of other bacteria • Give tart taste to fermented milks • Growth is self-limiting (build up of waste products) • Used in probiotics (presence in livestock feed inhibits ...
CHAPTER 16 - CITRIC ACID CYCLE Introduction:
... Recall that in glycolysis, pyruvate was reduced to lactate (which is the same oxidation state as glucose) under anaerobic conditions because need to rapidly regenerate NAD+, which had received electrons as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. - Normally, in our cells, ...
... Recall that in glycolysis, pyruvate was reduced to lactate (which is the same oxidation state as glucose) under anaerobic conditions because need to rapidly regenerate NAD+, which had received electrons as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was oxidized to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate. - Normally, in our cells, ...
4.1 Chemical Energy and ATP
... The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. – Called chemical energy • This chemical energy can be converted into the chemical energy of ATP • Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. – 36 ...
... The chemical energy used for most cell processes is carried by ATP. • Molecules in food store chemical energy in their bonds. – Called chemical energy • This chemical energy can be converted into the chemical energy of ATP • Carbohydrates are the molecules most commonly broken down to make ATP. – 36 ...
Allied Biochemistry II - E
... 2. The following are key gluconeogenic enzymes except (a) glucose-6-phosphatase (b) PEP carboxylase (c) pyruvate carboxylase (d) pyruvate kinase 3. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is known as (a) gluconeogenesis (b) glycogenesis (c) glycogenolysis (d) glycolysis 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (a) ...
... 2. The following are key gluconeogenic enzymes except (a) glucose-6-phosphatase (b) PEP carboxylase (c) pyruvate carboxylase (d) pyruvate kinase 3. The synthesis of glycogen from glucose is known as (a) gluconeogenesis (b) glycogenesis (c) glycogenolysis (d) glycolysis 4. Pyruvate dehydrogenase (a) ...
Lec 1-10 Problem Set Answers
... Krebs cycle, and at the end of it, why don’t we have 500 OAAs? What kind of lame metabolic pathway is this anyway?” Explain 7) The glyoxalate cycle (GC) is similar to the Krebs cycle, but two key reactions create a bypass that completely changes the function of this pathway. a) The first GC reaction ...
... Krebs cycle, and at the end of it, why don’t we have 500 OAAs? What kind of lame metabolic pathway is this anyway?” Explain 7) The glyoxalate cycle (GC) is similar to the Krebs cycle, but two key reactions create a bypass that completely changes the function of this pathway. a) The first GC reaction ...
Biochemistry_Short_Course
... FYI: Using Glycogen If your blood sugar (glucose) gets too high: Your body stores it in your liver and skeletal ...
... FYI: Using Glycogen If your blood sugar (glucose) gets too high: Your body stores it in your liver and skeletal ...
photosynthesis - Northwest ISD Moodle
... using CO2 & water to make sugar in chloroplasts (leaf) allows plants to grow makes a waste product ...
... using CO2 & water to make sugar in chloroplasts (leaf) allows plants to grow makes a waste product ...
Exam 2 Material Outline MS Word
... 1. By 1920 – knew that genetic info resided on chromosomes but nobody could really say what a gene looked like and how it exactly worked 2. By 1930’s & 40’s knew that genes bring about the production of proteins 3. By 1940’s & 50’s knew that genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but did ...
... 1. By 1920 – knew that genetic info resided on chromosomes but nobody could really say what a gene looked like and how it exactly worked 2. By 1930’s & 40’s knew that genes bring about the production of proteins 3. By 1940’s & 50’s knew that genes are composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) but did ...
4.2.1 Excretion part 1 – The liver
... and deposition of connective tissue. Liver cirrhosis is common in alcoholics. The fatty acids are not available for respiration ...
... and deposition of connective tissue. Liver cirrhosis is common in alcoholics. The fatty acids are not available for respiration ...
ppt
... carboxyl group are removed (into CO2) and a 2-C acetyl group is left (CH3CO) • In the course of this rxn, the carboxyl hydrogen reduces a molecule of NAD+ to NADH • The acetyl is momentarily accepted by a "coenzyme A" molecule (a large, complex molecule formed from ...
... carboxyl group are removed (into CO2) and a 2-C acetyl group is left (CH3CO) • In the course of this rxn, the carboxyl hydrogen reduces a molecule of NAD+ to NADH • The acetyl is momentarily accepted by a "coenzyme A" molecule (a large, complex molecule formed from ...
PowerPoint Show - Science Prof Online
... In addition to making methane, M. smithii scavenges hydrogen from other microbes, and these 2 actions appear to increase nutrient absorption and ...
... In addition to making methane, M. smithii scavenges hydrogen from other microbes, and these 2 actions appear to increase nutrient absorption and ...
Citric Acid Cycle - University of California, Berkeley
... combined with ketone. Methyl carbon of acetylCoA attack the electron poor ketone carbon of oxaloacetate. You have to abstract a proton, so you produce a carbanion here. The carbanion will attack this oxaloacetate carbonyl carbon. To produce carbanion, the enzyme uses the general acid/base mechanism ...
... combined with ketone. Methyl carbon of acetylCoA attack the electron poor ketone carbon of oxaloacetate. You have to abstract a proton, so you produce a carbanion here. The carbanion will attack this oxaloacetate carbonyl carbon. To produce carbanion, the enzyme uses the general acid/base mechanism ...
Why should we take care of our bodies?
... lose weight by eating fewer carbs? If there are not enough ...
... lose weight by eating fewer carbs? If there are not enough ...
Cellular Respiration
... - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only abou ...
... - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only abou ...
Biochemistry PowerPoint
... •The more glycogen stored, the more energy is available to us on race/game day. •Accomplished by increasing carb consumption and decreasing exercise intensity/duration. ...
... •The more glycogen stored, the more energy is available to us on race/game day. •Accomplished by increasing carb consumption and decreasing exercise intensity/duration. ...
Water - University of California, Los Angeles
... have great stabilization of hydrolysis products Reduced charge repulsion and resonance stabilization: ...
... have great stabilization of hydrolysis products Reduced charge repulsion and resonance stabilization: ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑