Download Cellular Respiration

Cellular Respiration
Biology EOC Review
NEED TO KNOW THIS WORD!
COULD BE USEFUL!
Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration
By the end of this section you should know.....
Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration
By the end of this section you should know.....
-What are the standards for energy and what form is
important for respiration?
Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration
By the end of this section you should know.....
-What are the standards for energy and what form is
important for respiration?
-What is respiration and what does it require?
Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration
By the end of this section you should know.....
-What are the standards for energy and what form is
important for respiration?
-What is respiration and what does it require?
-Where does respiration take place? How is this structure
composed?
Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration
By the end of this section you should know.....
-What are the standards for energy and what form is
important for respiration?
-What is respiration and what does it require?
-Where does respiration take place? How is this structure
composed?
-How does respiration work in concert with
photosynthesis?
Chemical Energy

Biology uses the calorie as the standard for energy
measurement.
1
calorie is the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water
by 1 degree Celsius!
1
Calorie (food) is equal to 1000 calories... 3500
Calories is roughly 1 lb fat.

ATP is how cells use and possess this energy
What is Cellular Respiration?
-Simply put respiration is the releasing of energy from
food.
-Can be either aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic
(without oxygen)
- 99.998% of the time "respiration" will apply to the
aerobic model.
-Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen, ATP, ADP, and energyrich molecules.
- Cellular respiration can use a variety of molecules with
most direct being glucose, a simple 6-carbon Sugar.
-Composed of three steps: Glycolsis, Citric Acid Cycle, and
Oxidative Phosphorylation.
The Mitochondrion
-Without going too much into it, the
mitochondrion (p. mitochondria) is the
action site for respiration for all parts
Oxygen.
- Save for Glycolysis, the entire process
of the aerobic respiration happens inside
here.
- The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the
Matrix.
- The Electron Transport Chain and
production of ATP via ATP Synthase
occurs along the intermembrane.
-Photosynthesis and Respiration are
the opposites of each other.
- Photosynthesis removes Carbon
Dioxide, adds Oxygen and Glucose.
- Respiration adds Carbon Dioxide,
reduces Oxygen, and breaks
Glucose down into ATP.
- This also is known as the Oxygen
Cycle!
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
ATP
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
ATP
- The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is?
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
ATP
- The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is?
Glycolysis
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
ATP
- The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is?
Glycolysis
- Which of these use Respiration? a mushroom, a fern, a polar bear, E. Coli
Check your understanding!
- Cells use energy in food to make what compound?
ATP
- The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is?
Glycolysis
- Which of these use Respiration? a mushroom, a fern, a polar bear, E. Coli
All of them.
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
- What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration?
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
- What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration?
- What are the inputs and outputs of each part?
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
- What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration?
- What are the inputs and outputs of each part?
- Where does each stage take place?
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
- What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration?
- What are the inputs and outputs of each part?
- Where does each stage take place?
- By what process does each stage occur?
Section 2: The processes of Aerobic
Respiration
- From this section you should know....
- What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration?
- What are the inputs and outputs of each part?
- Where does each stage take place?
- By what process does each stage occur?
- What are the total results for Aerobic Respiration?
Step One: Glycolysis
LOCATION:
- Cytoplasm
INPUT:
- 2 NAD+
- 2 ATP
- Glucose
- 4 ADP
OUTPUT:
- 2 NADH
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 ADP
- 4 ATP
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Glycolysis by itself is not aerobic!
- Net production is two ATP and in some
bacteria is the only step for energy.
Step Two: Citric Acid Cycle
LOCATION:
- Mitochondrial Matrix
INPUT:
- Pyruvate
- 4 NAD+
- 1 FAD
- 2 ADP
OUTPUT:
- 2 ATP
- 4 NADH
- 1 FADH2
- 3 CO2
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Another name is the Krebs Cycle
- Net production is two ATP
- Each turn of the cycle uses one Pyruvate
so it takes two per glucose.
- Acetyl CoA binds to the Pyruvate to form
the first step of the Krebs cycle, Citrate.
Step Three: Electron Transport
LOCATION:
- Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion
INPUT:
- 10 NADH
- 2 FADH2
OUTPUT:
- 10 NAD+
- 2 FAD
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Composed of proteins set at an
electrical difference. (If interested most
of them are called Cytochromes)
- Electrons move along the proteins
causing the protons to be forced across
the inner membrane.
- Results in an electrostatic potential
Step Four: Chemiosmosis
LOCATION:
- Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion
INPUT:
- H+ Ions
- ADP
OUTPUT:
- 32-34 ATP per Glucose
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- ATP is made by ATP Synthase
- Best to think of it as a rotor.
- Each H+ ion makes one complete turn
producing an ATP from ADP.
- Water is formed from these H+ ions
from O2 and the electrons from the ETC
to ensure electric inequality exists.
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs
0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs
0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs
0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs
0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion
- The ETC uses electrons to ______
Check your understanding!
- The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC?
2 from Glycolysis
2 from Krebs
0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP
- Where does the Krebs Cycle take place?
Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion
- The ETC uses electrons to ______
Move H+ ions across the inner membrane to power ATP Synthase.
Section 3: Fermentation
- From this section you should know....
- What is Fermentation?
- What are the two different forms of fermentation?
- Why does Fermentation occur?
Fermentation
- Occurs in the lack of Oxygen
- First step always includes Glycolysis.
- Two forms: Lactic Acid and Alcohol.
- Mammals (humans) use lactic acid
fermentation in conditions of lack of
oxygen supplies.
- Lactic Acid stimulates the heart and
causes faster breathing.
- Obligate Anaerobic must conduct in
fermentation and often cannot survive
in the presence of oxygen.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
LOCATION:
- Cytoplasm
INPUT:
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 NADH
OUTPUT:
- 2 Lactate
- 2 NAD+
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Only produces 2 ATP per Glucose
- Used in Humans and most other
Animals.
Alcohol Fermentation
LOCATION:
- Cytoplasm
INPUT:
- 2 Pyruvate
- 2 NADH
OUTPUT:
- 2 Ethanol
- 2 NAD+
IMPORTANT NOTE:
- Only produces 2 ATP per Glucose
- Used in primarily prokaryotes and
obligate anaerobic archeabacteria.
- Releases CO2 as a byproduct
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Anaerobic
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Anaerobic
- The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Anaerobic
- The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2
Alcohol Fermentation
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Anaerobic
- The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2
Alcohol Fermentation
- During exercise, the build up of lactic acid results in a _____?
Check your understanding!
- Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be?
Anaerobic
- The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2
Alcohol Fermentation
- During exercise, the build up of lactic acid results in a _____?
Oxygen Debt
TEST TIME ☺
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
- List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
- List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ?
- Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is
only about 40% efficient?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
- List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ?
- Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is
only about 40% efficient?
- AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor
median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other
factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
- List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ?
- Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is
only about 40% efficient?
- AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor
median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other
factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon?
- AP Level: Why does ATP production vary between 36 and 38 ATP per Glucose?
Hint: What factors inside the cell that varies could affect ATP production?
TEST TIME ☺
- Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to
Photosynthesis?
- Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic
Respiration produce?
- Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation?
- List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ?
- Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is
only about 40% efficient?
- AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor
median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other
factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon?
- AP Level: Why does ATP production vary between 36 and 38 ATP per Glucose?
Hint: What factors inside the cell that varies could affect ATP production?
- Where you paying attention? What are the majority of the ETC proteins
called?