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Transcript
Cellular Respiration Biology EOC Review NEED TO KNOW THIS WORD! COULD BE USEFUL! Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration By the end of this section you should know..... Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration By the end of this section you should know..... -What are the standards for energy and what form is important for respiration? Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration By the end of this section you should know..... -What are the standards for energy and what form is important for respiration? -What is respiration and what does it require? Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration By the end of this section you should know..... -What are the standards for energy and what form is important for respiration? -What is respiration and what does it require? -Where does respiration take place? How is this structure composed? Part 1: Energy and Basis of Respiration By the end of this section you should know..... -What are the standards for energy and what form is important for respiration? -What is respiration and what does it require? -Where does respiration take place? How is this structure composed? -How does respiration work in concert with photosynthesis? Chemical Energy Biology uses the calorie as the standard for energy measurement. 1 calorie is the energy needed to raise 1 gram of water by 1 degree Celsius! 1 Calorie (food) is equal to 1000 calories... 3500 Calories is roughly 1 lb fat. ATP is how cells use and possess this energy What is Cellular Respiration? -Simply put respiration is the releasing of energy from food. -Can be either aerobic (with oxygen) or anaerobic (without oxygen) - 99.998% of the time "respiration" will apply to the aerobic model. -Aerobic Respiration requires Oxygen, ATP, ADP, and energyrich molecules. - Cellular respiration can use a variety of molecules with most direct being glucose, a simple 6-carbon Sugar. -Composed of three steps: Glycolsis, Citric Acid Cycle, and Oxidative Phosphorylation. The Mitochondrion -Without going too much into it, the mitochondrion (p. mitochondria) is the action site for respiration for all parts Oxygen. - Save for Glycolysis, the entire process of the aerobic respiration happens inside here. - The Citric Acid Cycle occurs in the Matrix. - The Electron Transport Chain and production of ATP via ATP Synthase occurs along the intermembrane. -Photosynthesis and Respiration are the opposites of each other. - Photosynthesis removes Carbon Dioxide, adds Oxygen and Glucose. - Respiration adds Carbon Dioxide, reduces Oxygen, and breaks Glucose down into ATP. - This also is known as the Oxygen Cycle! Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? ATP Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? ATP - The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is? Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? ATP - The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is? Glycolysis Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? ATP - The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is? Glycolysis - Which of these use Respiration? a mushroom, a fern, a polar bear, E. Coli Check your understanding! - Cells use energy in food to make what compound? ATP - The first step in releasing the energy of Glucose is? Glycolysis - Which of these use Respiration? a mushroom, a fern, a polar bear, E. Coli All of them. Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... - What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration? Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... - What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration? - What are the inputs and outputs of each part? Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... - What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration? - What are the inputs and outputs of each part? - Where does each stage take place? Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... - What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration? - What are the inputs and outputs of each part? - Where does each stage take place? - By what process does each stage occur? Section 2: The processes of Aerobic Respiration - From this section you should know.... - What are the three parts of Aerobic Respiration? - What are the inputs and outputs of each part? - Where does each stage take place? - By what process does each stage occur? - What are the total results for Aerobic Respiration? Step One: Glycolysis LOCATION: - Cytoplasm INPUT: - 2 NAD+ - 2 ATP - Glucose - 4 ADP OUTPUT: - 2 NADH - 2 Pyruvate - 2 ADP - 4 ATP IMPORTANT NOTE: - Glycolysis by itself is not aerobic! - Net production is two ATP and in some bacteria is the only step for energy. Step Two: Citric Acid Cycle LOCATION: - Mitochondrial Matrix INPUT: - Pyruvate - 4 NAD+ - 1 FAD - 2 ADP OUTPUT: - 2 ATP - 4 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 3 CO2 IMPORTANT NOTE: - Another name is the Krebs Cycle - Net production is two ATP - Each turn of the cycle uses one Pyruvate so it takes two per glucose. - Acetyl CoA binds to the Pyruvate to form the first step of the Krebs cycle, Citrate. Step Three: Electron Transport LOCATION: - Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion INPUT: - 10 NADH - 2 FADH2 OUTPUT: - 10 NAD+ - 2 FAD IMPORTANT NOTE: - Composed of proteins set at an electrical difference. (If interested most of them are called Cytochromes) - Electrons move along the proteins causing the protons to be forced across the inner membrane. - Results in an electrostatic potential Step Four: Chemiosmosis LOCATION: - Inner Membrane of Mitochondrion INPUT: - H+ Ions - ADP OUTPUT: - 32-34 ATP per Glucose IMPORTANT NOTE: - ATP is made by ATP Synthase - Best to think of it as a rotor. - Each H+ ion makes one complete turn producing an ATP from ADP. - Water is formed from these H+ ions from O2 and the electrons from the ETC to ensure electric inequality exists. Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? 2 from Glycolysis 2 from Krebs 0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? 2 from Glycolysis 2 from Krebs 0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP - Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? 2 from Glycolysis 2 from Krebs 0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP - Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? 2 from Glycolysis 2 from Krebs 0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP - Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion - The ETC uses electrons to ______ Check your understanding! - The net gain of ATP from Glycolysis is? Krebs Cycle? ETC? 2 from Glycolysis 2 from Krebs 0 from ETC, ATP Synthase produces 32-34 ATP - Where does the Krebs Cycle take place? Inside the Matrix of the Mitochondrion - The ETC uses electrons to ______ Move H+ ions across the inner membrane to power ATP Synthase. Section 3: Fermentation - From this section you should know.... - What is Fermentation? - What are the two different forms of fermentation? - Why does Fermentation occur? Fermentation - Occurs in the lack of Oxygen - First step always includes Glycolysis. - Two forms: Lactic Acid and Alcohol. - Mammals (humans) use lactic acid fermentation in conditions of lack of oxygen supplies. - Lactic Acid stimulates the heart and causes faster breathing. - Obligate Anaerobic must conduct in fermentation and often cannot survive in the presence of oxygen. Lactic Acid Fermentation LOCATION: - Cytoplasm INPUT: - 2 Pyruvate - 2 NADH OUTPUT: - 2 Lactate - 2 NAD+ IMPORTANT NOTE: - Only produces 2 ATP per Glucose - Used in Humans and most other Animals. Alcohol Fermentation LOCATION: - Cytoplasm INPUT: - 2 Pyruvate - 2 NADH OUTPUT: - 2 Ethanol - 2 NAD+ IMPORTANT NOTE: - Only produces 2 ATP per Glucose - Used in primarily prokaryotes and obligate anaerobic archeabacteria. - Releases CO2 as a byproduct Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Anaerobic Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Anaerobic - The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2 Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Anaerobic - The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2 Alcohol Fermentation Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Anaerobic - The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2 Alcohol Fermentation - During exercise, the build up of lactic acid results in a _____? Check your understanding! - Because Fermentation takes place in the absence of Oxygen, it is said to be? Anaerobic - The process that causes bread to rise is called? Hint: CO2 Alcohol Fermentation - During exercise, the build up of lactic acid results in a _____? Oxygen Debt TEST TIME ☺ TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only about 40% efficient? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only about 40% efficient? - AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only about 40% efficient? - AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon? - AP Level: Why does ATP production vary between 36 and 38 ATP per Glucose? Hint: What factors inside the cell that varies could affect ATP production? TEST TIME ☺ - Name the equation for Cellular Respiration? How does this relate to Photosynthesis? - Trace an electron through Aerobic Respiration? How many ATP does Aerobic Respiration produce? - Link: What is the evolutionary advantage to fermentation? - List the two types of fermentation. How do they differ? - Thinking Critically: Why is Glucose broken down via respiration when it is only about 40% efficient? - AP Level: Yeast is placed in a glucose-rich median from a glucose-poor median; however, the rate of fermentation does not increase. With all other factors being equal, what could have caused this phenomenon? - AP Level: Why does ATP production vary between 36 and 38 ATP per Glucose? Hint: What factors inside the cell that varies could affect ATP production? - Where you paying attention? What are the majority of the ETC proteins called?