Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
Limits of aerobic metabolism in cancer cells
... burden. We notice that the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine to acetoacetate consumes 3 and 2 oxygen molecules respectively. Therefore, these amino acids are not suitable to uncouple NADH production from biosynthesis under hypoxia. NADPH production For the sake of simplicity we have omitted t ...
... burden. We notice that the catabolism of phenylalanine and tyrosine to acetoacetate consumes 3 and 2 oxygen molecules respectively. Therefore, these amino acids are not suitable to uncouple NADH production from biosynthesis under hypoxia. NADPH production For the sake of simplicity we have omitted t ...
Biology: Concepts and Connections, 6e (Campbell)
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
... 56) When an organism such as a yeast lives by fermentation, it converts the pyruvate from glycolysis into a different compound, such as alcohol. Why doesn't it secrete the pyruvate directly? A) The conversion yields one ATP per pyruvate molecule. B) The conversion yields one NADH per pyruvate molecu ...
SARI Dwarf Hamsters Diabetes Info
... Common in dwarf hamsters, diabetes is characterized by above-normal blood glucose levels. The body turns food into glucose, or sugar, to use as energy. The pancreas, an organ near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into cells. In a diabetic, the body either doesn’t make ...
... Common in dwarf hamsters, diabetes is characterized by above-normal blood glucose levels. The body turns food into glucose, or sugar, to use as energy. The pancreas, an organ near the stomach, makes a hormone called insulin to help glucose get into cells. In a diabetic, the body either doesn’t make ...
Completed notes
... A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is the substrate for the next is called a metabolic pathway. • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules. ...
... A series of chemical reactions in which the product of one is the substrate for the next is called a metabolic pathway. • Catabolic pathways release energy by breaking down larger molecules. ...
plasma membrane - Cengage Learning
... up in the cell; it couples inorganic phosphate to ADP to form energized ATP. ...
... up in the cell; it couples inorganic phosphate to ADP to form energized ATP. ...
6. In both photosynthesis and respiration, a electrochemical proton
... 4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH 2 to the electron transport chain. g. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Evi ...
... 4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH 2 to the electron transport chain. g. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Evi ...
The Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle The First of the Final Common Pathways
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase. The number of kinase and phosphatase subunits increase with starvation. The activities reside on the same polypeptide, similar to the arrangement of kinase and phosphatase activities on Phosphofructokinase-2. The enzyme complex re ...
... Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Kinase and Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Phosphatase. The number of kinase and phosphatase subunits increase with starvation. The activities reside on the same polypeptide, similar to the arrangement of kinase and phosphatase activities on Phosphofructokinase-2. The enzyme complex re ...
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
... 2. The chemiosmotic theory is a concept that ________. A) the transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes is by active transport B) explains how transport by facilitated diffusion reaches a saturation limit C) explains the blood-brain barrier D) a proton gradient drives the formation of ATP 3. Whi ...
... 2. The chemiosmotic theory is a concept that ________. A) the transport of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes is by active transport B) explains how transport by facilitated diffusion reaches a saturation limit C) explains the blood-brain barrier D) a proton gradient drives the formation of ATP 3. Whi ...
Organic Compounds
... Can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding with other carbon atoms These long chains can then FOLD to make many ...
... Can form chains of almost unlimited length by bonding with other carbon atoms These long chains can then FOLD to make many ...
Chapter 4
... Different versions of the same enzyme (often made by alternative splicing) are called isoenzymes or isozymes General classes of enzymes ...
... Different versions of the same enzyme (often made by alternative splicing) are called isoenzymes or isozymes General classes of enzymes ...
practice note taking
... From the reading, what substance was described as changing temperature very slowly, thus helping to maintain homeostasis? What 2 factors were noted to affect enzyme ...
... From the reading, what substance was described as changing temperature very slowly, thus helping to maintain homeostasis? What 2 factors were noted to affect enzyme ...
Notes from Dr
... •The pyruvates are transported into the mitochondria •In a series of steps that take place within a multienzyme complex, the following happens: – a carboxyl group is removed from the three-carbon pyruvate and is released as CO2. –The two-carbon group of the pyruvate that still remains is oxidized to ...
... •The pyruvates are transported into the mitochondria •In a series of steps that take place within a multienzyme complex, the following happens: – a carboxyl group is removed from the three-carbon pyruvate and is released as CO2. –The two-carbon group of the pyruvate that still remains is oxidized to ...
32. It is most reasonable to hypothesize that, in the
... 4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. g. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Evid ...
... 4. Electrons that are extracted in the series of Krebs cycle reactions are carried by NADH and FADH2 to the electron transport chain. g. The electron transport chain captures free energy from electrons in a series of coupled reactions that establish an electrochemical gradient across membranes. Evid ...
Extracellular Enzymes Lab
... • Reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable (i.e., endoergic) require an energy source, such as ATP to proceed. ...
... • Reactions that are thermodynamically unfavorable (i.e., endoergic) require an energy source, such as ATP to proceed. ...
UNIT 2 TEST SPRING 2016 Big Ideas and Basic Facts You Need to
... polymers as well as the anabolic process of building new molecules through dehydration synthesis as well as the catabolic process of breaking apart larger molecules into smaller ones through hydrolysis. Finally we studied how enzymes, which are in the protein molecule category, have the ability to s ...
... polymers as well as the anabolic process of building new molecules through dehydration synthesis as well as the catabolic process of breaking apart larger molecules into smaller ones through hydrolysis. Finally we studied how enzymes, which are in the protein molecule category, have the ability to s ...
Document
... Draw a water molecule (structural) and state why it is considered a polar molecule. Why are valence electrons essential for life? Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action. Explain how an enzyme can have its shape changed/altered (into abnormal str ...
... Draw a water molecule (structural) and state why it is considered a polar molecule. Why are valence electrons essential for life? Identify two internal environmental factors that directly influence the rate of enzyme action. Explain how an enzyme can have its shape changed/altered (into abnormal str ...
Notes. - Glow Blogs
... PHOTOSYNTHESIS - a process in plants in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into carbohydrates and oxygen with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll. CARBOHYDRATE - a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen:oxygen is the same as in water. ENDOTHERMIC - a ...
... PHOTOSYNTHESIS - a process in plants in which carbon dioxide and water are changed into carbohydrates and oxygen with the help of sunlight and chlorophyll. CARBOHYDRATE - a compound containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen in which the ratio of hydrogen:oxygen is the same as in water. ENDOTHERMIC - a ...
File - Groby Bio Page
... 2. Suggest how diving mammals, such as seals, whales and dolphins can swim below water without suffering from muscle fatigue. ...
... 2. Suggest how diving mammals, such as seals, whales and dolphins can swim below water without suffering from muscle fatigue. ...
Ketamalt® 50
... Propylene glycol is only one source of oral glucose precursor used to reverse ketosis in ruminants. Although very effective, it is not recommended as the sole source of glucose for ketotic cows as some liver function is required to properly matabolize it. This is outlined in the following quote from ...
... Propylene glycol is only one source of oral glucose precursor used to reverse ketosis in ruminants. Although very effective, it is not recommended as the sole source of glucose for ketotic cows as some liver function is required to properly matabolize it. This is outlined in the following quote from ...
Topic 2: Molecular Biology
... Essential Idea: Living Organisms control their composition by complex web of chemical reactions. U1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved U2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist U3 Life is based ...
... Essential Idea: Living Organisms control their composition by complex web of chemical reactions. U1 Molecular biology explains living processes in terms of the chemical substances involved U2 Carbon atoms can form four covalent bonds allowing a diversity of stable compounds to exist U3 Life is based ...
Chapter 9 Notes
... – Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions – Couples with fermentation to produce ATP ...
... – Can produce ATP with or without oxygen, in aerobic or anaerobic conditions – Couples with fermentation to produce ATP ...
Glycogen Storage Disease
... •The Cori cycle involves the utilization of lactate, produced by glycolysis in nonhepatic tissues, (such as muscle and erythrocytes) as a carbon source for hepatic gluconeogenesis. In this way the liver can convert the anaerobic byproduct of glycolysis, lactate, back into more glucose for reuse by n ...
... •The Cori cycle involves the utilization of lactate, produced by glycolysis in nonhepatic tissues, (such as muscle and erythrocytes) as a carbon source for hepatic gluconeogenesis. In this way the liver can convert the anaerobic byproduct of glycolysis, lactate, back into more glucose for reuse by n ...
Energy and Respiration
... Likewise for lactate fermentation 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose used. Thus anaerobic respiration breaks down one glucose molecule to obtain two units of the energy storing ATP molecules. ...
... Likewise for lactate fermentation 2 molecules of ATP are produced for every molecule of glucose used. Thus anaerobic respiration breaks down one glucose molecule to obtain two units of the energy storing ATP molecules. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑