KEY CONCEPT Enzymes are catalysts for chemical
... Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. • Enzymes are catalysts in living things. ...
... Enzymes allow chemical reactions to occur under tightly controlled conditions. • Enzymes are catalysts in living things. ...
Metabolic reprogramming in glioblastoma: the influence of cancer
... Metabolic adaptation to preferentially undergo aerobic glycolysis is influenced by several environmental and genetic factors. Unlike normal brain cells, GB cells are exposed to varying oxygen gradients that directly influence their metabolism. The transcription factors HIF-1a and HIF-2a are activate ...
... Metabolic adaptation to preferentially undergo aerobic glycolysis is influenced by several environmental and genetic factors. Unlike normal brain cells, GB cells are exposed to varying oxygen gradients that directly influence their metabolism. The transcription factors HIF-1a and HIF-2a are activate ...
Humans as Organisms
... available. Glucose is only partially broken down, and lactic acid is produced - together with a much smaller amount of energy. Energy can still be produced without oxygen Only a little bit of energy is obtained from respiration ...
... available. Glucose is only partially broken down, and lactic acid is produced - together with a much smaller amount of energy. Energy can still be produced without oxygen Only a little bit of energy is obtained from respiration ...
Fatty Acid Oxidation
... pathological states. Following this lecture students should understand that ...
... pathological states. Following this lecture students should understand that ...
General Biology 115 Summer 2014
... In an attempt to treat this condition, several new drugs have been investigated. Drug A primarily blocks histamine receptors but also partially blocks acetylcholine receptors. Drug B blocks histamine receptors but has no effect on the acetylcholine receptors. Subjects with severe common colds, whose ...
... In an attempt to treat this condition, several new drugs have been investigated. Drug A primarily blocks histamine receptors but also partially blocks acetylcholine receptors. Drug B blocks histamine receptors but has no effect on the acetylcholine receptors. Subjects with severe common colds, whose ...
Unit 1 Notes
... From the drawing of a fruit fly body cell above, what is the chromosome complement of the fruit fly, Drosophila? Draw the fruit fly body cell and label a pair of matching chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human liver cell? How many pairs of matching chromosomes are present i ...
... From the drawing of a fruit fly body cell above, what is the chromosome complement of the fruit fly, Drosophila? Draw the fruit fly body cell and label a pair of matching chromosomes. How many chromosomes are present in a human liver cell? How many pairs of matching chromosomes are present i ...
26.5 Cotobolism of smino ocids
... metabolism and the economy of nature. By using a single, central pathway for the metabolism of sugars, fats, and amino acids, the cell greatly decreasesthe number of enzymes and chemical steps that otherwise might be required to accomplishthe sametask. Cells have priorities for the utilization of am ...
... metabolism and the economy of nature. By using a single, central pathway for the metabolism of sugars, fats, and amino acids, the cell greatly decreasesthe number of enzymes and chemical steps that otherwise might be required to accomplishthe sametask. Cells have priorities for the utilization of am ...
Neonatal Glucose Homeostasis
... Maternal glucose provides majority of glucose for fetus via facilitated diffusion Fetus can use alternate substrates if necessary, but depends entirely on maternal supply and placental transfer of glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids, ketones, and glycerol for energy needs. Normal lower limit of f ...
... Maternal glucose provides majority of glucose for fetus via facilitated diffusion Fetus can use alternate substrates if necessary, but depends entirely on maternal supply and placental transfer of glucose, amino acids, free fatty acids, ketones, and glycerol for energy needs. Normal lower limit of f ...
Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
... considerable amounts in our skeletal muscle cells. Here we discuss only the events in the liver cells. We store glucose as glycogen because storing it has glucose itself would have very severe osmotic and metabolic effects upon the hepatocytes. ...
... considerable amounts in our skeletal muscle cells. Here we discuss only the events in the liver cells. We store glucose as glycogen because storing it has glucose itself would have very severe osmotic and metabolic effects upon the hepatocytes. ...
Biochemistry - ScienceGeek.net
... together, water is released as the carboxyl end of one amino acid bonds to the amine end of the adjacent one forming a peptide bond, as illustrated at the left. Because water is lost, the process is called: Condensation synthesis, or… Condensation polymerization ...
... together, water is released as the carboxyl end of one amino acid bonds to the amine end of the adjacent one forming a peptide bond, as illustrated at the left. Because water is lost, the process is called: Condensation synthesis, or… Condensation polymerization ...
Regulation of Glucose metabolism
... 2. Effect on lipid metabolism: • Affects adipose tissue and causes a reduction in plasma fatty acids A decrease in triglyceride degradation (inhibits hormone sensitive lipase) An increase in triglyceride synthesis by: Increased glucose uptake which is converted into glycerol 3 phosphate Acti ...
... 2. Effect on lipid metabolism: • Affects adipose tissue and causes a reduction in plasma fatty acids A decrease in triglyceride degradation (inhibits hormone sensitive lipase) An increase in triglyceride synthesis by: Increased glucose uptake which is converted into glycerol 3 phosphate Acti ...
Fatty Acid Biosynthesis
... • AcetylCoA generated from pyruvate by the action of PDH and by β-oxidation of fatty acids is in the mitochondria. • For fatty acid biosynthesis, acetylCoA has to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. This is done via a shuttle system called the Citrate Shuttle. • AcetylCoA reacts w ...
... • AcetylCoA generated from pyruvate by the action of PDH and by β-oxidation of fatty acids is in the mitochondria. • For fatty acid biosynthesis, acetylCoA has to be transported from the mitochondria to the cytoplasm. This is done via a shuttle system called the Citrate Shuttle. • AcetylCoA reacts w ...
Intermediary Metabolism Intermediary Metabolism
... venous output to liver and its regulation • Overview of intermediary metabolism and enzyme sites of major actions of insulin and glucagon • Pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, SS and PPY. Their structure, synthesis, related peptides, secretion, regulation, receptors and effects. Effect of exer ...
... venous output to liver and its regulation • Overview of intermediary metabolism and enzyme sites of major actions of insulin and glucagon • Pancreatic hormones, insulin, glucagon, SS and PPY. Their structure, synthesis, related peptides, secretion, regulation, receptors and effects. Effect of exer ...
REVIEW CHAPTER 4 and 5
... • Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon ...
... • Use the correct numbering sequence to identify the number of this carbon ...
Directions: Each of the questions or incomplete statements below is
... (C) carbon dioxide only (D) water only (E) carbon dioxide and water 56.The concentration of bacteria is greater around an algal filament exposed to red light than around the same filament exposed to green light because (A) green light affects enzyme action in bacteria (B) photosynthesis proceeds mor ...
... (C) carbon dioxide only (D) water only (E) carbon dioxide and water 56.The concentration of bacteria is greater around an algal filament exposed to red light than around the same filament exposed to green light because (A) green light affects enzyme action in bacteria (B) photosynthesis proceeds mor ...
Master Beekeeper Certification Course: Category #7
... The sugar concentration in nectar varies from 4% to over 80%. However, the sugar concentration in mature honey averages around 95%. Honeybees process nectar into honey by removing water biophysically and chemically by absorbing water and passing it from one bee to another and mechanically by fanning ...
... The sugar concentration in nectar varies from 4% to over 80%. However, the sugar concentration in mature honey averages around 95%. Honeybees process nectar into honey by removing water biophysically and chemically by absorbing water and passing it from one bee to another and mechanically by fanning ...
Why does lactic acid build up in muscles?
... oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. Some circumstances, however, --such as evading the historical saber tooth tiger or lifting heavy weights--require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver ...
... oxygen to our working muscles. The body prefers to generate most of its energy using aerobic methods, meaning with oxygen. Some circumstances, however, --such as evading the historical saber tooth tiger or lifting heavy weights--require energy production faster than our bodies can adequately deliver ...
Carbohydrate Storage and Synthesis in Liver and Muscle: Glycogen
... A high capacity GLUT-2 transporter (low‐affinity, km >10 mM) allows glucose free entry into and exit from liver cells across the ...
... A high capacity GLUT-2 transporter (low‐affinity, km >10 mM) allows glucose free entry into and exit from liver cells across the ...
Slide 1
... In the mouth :- the food is broken down into smaller particles by the teeth and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase which converts starch into sugar. Then the food passes through the oesophagus into the stomach. In the stomach :- the gastric glan ...
... In the mouth :- the food is broken down into smaller particles by the teeth and mixed with saliva from the salivary glands. Saliva contains the enzyme salivary amylase which converts starch into sugar. Then the food passes through the oesophagus into the stomach. In the stomach :- the gastric glan ...
Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry 5/e
... 1. In animal, AA undergo oxidative degradation in three different metabolic circumstance - The normal degradation of cellular protein - A diet is rich in protein - When carbohydrates are either unavailable, cellular proteins are used as fuel 2.AA lose their amino groups to form a-keto acid 3.a-keto ...
... 1. In animal, AA undergo oxidative degradation in three different metabolic circumstance - The normal degradation of cellular protein - A diet is rich in protein - When carbohydrates are either unavailable, cellular proteins are used as fuel 2.AA lose their amino groups to form a-keto acid 3.a-keto ...
Systems Biology Study Group Chapter 3
... • Conformational changes in enzyme molecule • Example: Hexokinase – Catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose – Inhibited by ATP, product of glycolysis – Stimulated by ADP, product of ATP stored energy consumption ...
... • Conformational changes in enzyme molecule • Example: Hexokinase – Catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose – Inhibited by ATP, product of glycolysis – Stimulated by ADP, product of ATP stored energy consumption ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑