Systems Biology Study Group Chapter 3
... • Conformational changes in enzyme molecule • Example: Hexokinase – Catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose – Inhibited by ATP, product of glycolysis – Stimulated by ADP, product of ATP stored energy consumption ...
... • Conformational changes in enzyme molecule • Example: Hexokinase – Catalyzes phosphorylation of glucose – Inhibited by ATP, product of glycolysis – Stimulated by ADP, product of ATP stored energy consumption ...
MULTICHEMICAL SENSITIVITY…and MTHFR
... that can occur due to too much Homocysteine. S-AdenylMethionine [SAMe] If Homocysteine cannot adequately be converted into METHIONINE, then subsequently there will be insufficient S-AdenylMethionine [SAMe]. Now we are talking about a pathway frequently called the "Methylation Cycle" but it HAS anoth ...
... that can occur due to too much Homocysteine. S-AdenylMethionine [SAMe] If Homocysteine cannot adequately be converted into METHIONINE, then subsequently there will be insufficient S-AdenylMethionine [SAMe]. Now we are talking about a pathway frequently called the "Methylation Cycle" but it HAS anoth ...
Redox Reactions and Cofactors
... disulfide that can participate in redox reactions within the enzyme active site. Lipoamide, the naturally occurring form of α-lipoic acid, is a covalent linkage of α-lipoic acid to a lysine epsilon-amino group on proteins. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a pol ...
... disulfide that can participate in redox reactions within the enzyme active site. Lipoamide, the naturally occurring form of α-lipoic acid, is a covalent linkage of α-lipoic acid to a lysine epsilon-amino group on proteins. The pyruvate dehydrogenase complex contains the lipoamide at the end of a pol ...
CHAPTER 6
... and anabolism differ in important ways • Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the same product are not the same enzymatic reactions (glycolysis & gluconeogenesis) • Some steps may be common to both, but others must be different - to ensure that each pathway is spontaneous/thermodynamically favora ...
... and anabolism differ in important ways • Anabolic & catabolic pathways involving the same product are not the same enzymatic reactions (glycolysis & gluconeogenesis) • Some steps may be common to both, but others must be different - to ensure that each pathway is spontaneous/thermodynamically favora ...
Muscle Metabolism - Interactive Physiology
... 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 18. (Page 13.) What is the name of the oxygen binding protein within muscle? 19. (Page 14.) Where, within a muscle cell, will the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur? 20. (Page 14.) W ...
... 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 18. (Page 13.) What is the name of the oxygen binding protein within muscle? 19. (Page 14.) Where, within a muscle cell, will the Krebs cycle and oxidative phosphorylation occur? 20. (Page 14.) W ...
Bacterial Metabolism
... The glucose dissimilation pathways used by specific microorganisms are shown in Table 4-2. ...
... The glucose dissimilation pathways used by specific microorganisms are shown in Table 4-2. ...
MS Word Version - Interactive Physiology
... 14. (Page 10.) What are the two sources of glucose to muscle cells? 15. (Page 11.) What are the end products of glycolysis? 16. (Page 12.) What happens to pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen? 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 1 ...
... 14. (Page 10.) What are the two sources of glucose to muscle cells? 15. (Page 11.) What are the end products of glycolysis? 16. (Page 12.) What happens to pyruvic acid in the absence of oxygen? 17. (Page 12.) What happens if a muscle is deprived of oxygen for too long when it is physically active? 1 ...
AP Biology - mvhs
... Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cyclic electron flow Calvin Cycle – location, purpose, dependence on light r ...
... Redox reactions – LEO, GER; where do electrons originate, what pulls them away Light- Dependent Reactions – location, purpose; role of chlorophyll, water and photosystems; how is ATP/NADPH produced; reason for noncyclic vs. cyclic electron flow Calvin Cycle – location, purpose, dependence on light r ...
File - Mr. Shanks` Class
... Simplified structural formula Rules: do not draw the ring carbons, or any single hydrogens ...
... Simplified structural formula Rules: do not draw the ring carbons, or any single hydrogens ...
2–4 Chemical Reactions and Enzymes
... bonds form or are broken. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Energy may be released as light, heat, and/or sound. ...
... bonds form or are broken. Chemical reactions that release energy often occur spontaneously. Energy may be released as light, heat, and/or sound. ...
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... electron transport– ATP synthesis reactions. • In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. • The superoxide ion, ·O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, ·OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, w ...
... electron transport– ATP synthesis reactions. • In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. • The superoxide ion, ·O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, ·OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, w ...
How plants get their food - gesci
... • Carbohydrate molecules contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Living organisms can easily change one carbohydrate into another ...
... • Carbohydrate molecules contain the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen • Living organisms can easily change one carbohydrate into another ...
Amino acid metabolism III. Brake down of amino acids
... Mixed function oxidases: catalyze simultaneous hydroxylation of a substrate by an oxygen atom of O2 and reduction of the other oxygen atom to H2O ...
... Mixed function oxidases: catalyze simultaneous hydroxylation of a substrate by an oxygen atom of O2 and reduction of the other oxygen atom to H2O ...
FREE Sample Here
... dehydrogenase in step 6 of glycolysis. Upon completion of the reaction, instead of the normal product, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the mixed anhydride 1-arsenato-3-phosphoglycerate is formed; this undergoes rapid spontaneous hydrolysis into arsenate plus 3-phosphoglycerate, the latter being a normal pr ...
... dehydrogenase in step 6 of glycolysis. Upon completion of the reaction, instead of the normal product, 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate, the mixed anhydride 1-arsenato-3-phosphoglycerate is formed; this undergoes rapid spontaneous hydrolysis into arsenate plus 3-phosphoglycerate, the latter being a normal pr ...
File
... peroxisomal enzymes due to defects in translocation of proteins from the cytoplasm into the peroxisome. – Adrenoleukodydstrophy is caused by lack of a peroxisomal enzyme, leading to fatty acid accumulation in the brain and destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve cells. ...
... peroxisomal enzymes due to defects in translocation of proteins from the cytoplasm into the peroxisome. – Adrenoleukodydstrophy is caused by lack of a peroxisomal enzyme, leading to fatty acid accumulation in the brain and destruction of the myelin sheath of nerve cells. ...
21.8 The Citric Acid Cycle
... transport– ATP synthesis reactions. • In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. • The superoxide ion, ·O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, ·OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, which resu ...
... transport– ATP synthesis reactions. • In these and other oxygen-consuming redox reactions, the product may not be water, but one or more of three highly reactive species. • The superoxide ion, ·O2- , and the hydroxyl free radical, ·OH, can grab an electron from a bond in another molecule, which resu ...
Lecture 9 – Cellular Respiration
... • Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2, for example sulfate • Produces much less energy than aerobic respiration – Only source of ATP is substrate-level phosphorylation ...
... • Anaerobic respiration uses an electron transport chain with a final electron acceptor other than O2, for example sulfate • Produces much less energy than aerobic respiration – Only source of ATP is substrate-level phosphorylation ...
F - cell
... Bacteria synthesize macromolecules required for multiplication. The length of lag phase depends on the conditions in the original culture and the medium into which they are transferred. ...
... Bacteria synthesize macromolecules required for multiplication. The length of lag phase depends on the conditions in the original culture and the medium into which they are transferred. ...
Micro 260 Fall 2009 Name: ___ Allan Keys ____ Tools: You may
... A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The function of co-enzymes act as partne ...
... A cofactor is a non-protein chemical compound that is bound to a protein and is required for the protein's biological activity. These proteins are commonly enzymes, and cofactors can be considered "helper molecules" that assist in biochemical transformations. The function of co-enzymes act as partne ...
Insulin and glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue
... receptors are activated by insulin, GLUT4-transporters stored in vesicles are transferred to the cell membrane which leads to uptake of glucose • Glucose is stored in muscles as glycogen and in adipose tissue as fat • ~ 90 % of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle • ~ 10% in a ...
... receptors are activated by insulin, GLUT4-transporters stored in vesicles are transferred to the cell membrane which leads to uptake of glucose • Glucose is stored in muscles as glycogen and in adipose tissue as fat • ~ 90 % of insulin-stimulated glucose uptake occurs in skeletal muscle • ~ 10% in a ...
Skeletal Muscle Problems
... Origins of Localized Muscle Fatigue Accumulation Theory of Fatigue: Lactic Acid and free H+ ...
... Origins of Localized Muscle Fatigue Accumulation Theory of Fatigue: Lactic Acid and free H+ ...
Fatty acid
... vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes. ...
... vertebrate blood, transports oxygen from the lungs to other parts of the body. Other proteins transport molecules across cell membranes. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑