Answers to end of chapter questions
... 5. Which enzyme catalyzes the first step in the glycolysis pathway? (C) Hexokinase 6. Which compound is split to give one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and one of dihydroxyacetone phosphate? (A) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 7. Which compound is converted into pyruvate by the en ...
... 5. Which enzyme catalyzes the first step in the glycolysis pathway? (C) Hexokinase 6. Which compound is split to give one molecule of glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and one of dihydroxyacetone phosphate? (A) Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate 7. Which compound is converted into pyruvate by the en ...
Classification and Nomenclature of Enzymes
... where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub‐subclass, and “d” is the sub‐sub‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Exampl ...
... where “a” is the class, “b” is the subclass, “c” is the sub‐subclass, and “d” is the sub‐sub‐subclass. The “b” and “c” digits describe the reaction, while the “d” digit is used to distinguish between different enzymes of the same function based on the actual substrate in the reaction. • Exampl ...
Impact of Ischemia on Cellular Metabolism
... /K+-ATPase and the opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels play a crucial role. Cellular de‐ polarization is characterized by a negative outgoing current and a decrease in the extracellu‐ lar concentrations of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+, as well as an increase in the extracellular concentration of K+. Progressi ...
... /K+-ATPase and the opening of ATP-dependent K+ channels play a crucial role. Cellular de‐ polarization is characterized by a negative outgoing current and a decrease in the extracellu‐ lar concentrations of Na+, Cl- and Ca2+, as well as an increase in the extracellular concentration of K+. Progressi ...
CM 65% IL red
... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
... The four main classes of organic compounds (carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids) that are essential to the proper functioning of all living things are known as polymers or macromolecules. All of these compounds are built primarily of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but in different ratio ...
Biomolecules review with answers
... proteins. Protein shapes fall into 4 categories: Primary is straight, Secondary is twisted and folded into sheets and helices, Tertiary is a complex inter linking for chains, and Quaternary which is the noncovalent binding of multiple tertiary complexes. 38. How do living things use steroids? Estrog ...
... proteins. Protein shapes fall into 4 categories: Primary is straight, Secondary is twisted and folded into sheets and helices, Tertiary is a complex inter linking for chains, and Quaternary which is the noncovalent binding of multiple tertiary complexes. 38. How do living things use steroids? Estrog ...
acid
... • Formed by dehydration synthesis – starch molecules are a polymer of 3000 glucose monomers – protein molecules are a polymer of amino acids ...
... • Formed by dehydration synthesis – starch molecules are a polymer of 3000 glucose monomers – protein molecules are a polymer of amino acids ...
Study Guide Test 3 * Organic Chemistry
... 4. When we eat starch, what does our digestive system do to the starch molecules? Hydrolysis glucose which can enter our blood ...
... 4. When we eat starch, what does our digestive system do to the starch molecules? Hydrolysis glucose which can enter our blood ...
glycolysis, gluconeogenesis, and the pentose phosphate pathway
... lucose occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals, and many microorganisms. It is relatively rich in potential energy, and thus a good fuel; the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water proceeds with a standard free-energy change of 2,840 kJ/mol. By storing gl ...
... lucose occupies a central position in the metabolism of plants, animals, and many microorganisms. It is relatively rich in potential energy, and thus a good fuel; the complete oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water proceeds with a standard free-energy change of 2,840 kJ/mol. By storing gl ...
Amino acid catabolism
... tissues. Other than amino acid catabolism in tissues ammonia is also produced as a result of nucleic acid ...
... tissues. Other than amino acid catabolism in tissues ammonia is also produced as a result of nucleic acid ...
Chapter 9: Pathways that Harvest Chemical
... This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Glucose (C6H12O6) becomes completely oxidized and six molecules of O2 are reduced to six molecules of water. The energy that is released can be used to do work. The same equation applies to the overall metabolism of glucose in cells. However, in contrast to c ...
... This is an oxidation-reduction reaction. Glucose (C6H12O6) becomes completely oxidized and six molecules of O2 are reduced to six molecules of water. The energy that is released can be used to do work. The same equation applies to the overall metabolism of glucose in cells. However, in contrast to c ...
Electron Transport Chain - mr-youssef-mci
... The electrochemical gradient (chemiosmosis) produced by the ETC can now be used to generate ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS occurs through the enzyme complex ATP synthase. OXPHOS Animation ...
... The electrochemical gradient (chemiosmosis) produced by the ETC can now be used to generate ATP through the process of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS). OXPHOS occurs through the enzyme complex ATP synthase. OXPHOS Animation ...
biochem 38 [4-20
... 11. Where do the 2 nitrogen atoms in urea come from? Ammonium (made into carbamoyl phosphate) and aspartate are the sources of nitrogen in the urea cycle i. Don’t be fooled by the production of another AA during the cycle! 12. Where is ornithine synthesized de novo when supplies run low? Ornithi ...
... 11. Where do the 2 nitrogen atoms in urea come from? Ammonium (made into carbamoyl phosphate) and aspartate are the sources of nitrogen in the urea cycle i. Don’t be fooled by the production of another AA during the cycle! 12. Where is ornithine synthesized de novo when supplies run low? Ornithi ...
Cellular Metabolism
... In aerobic respiration, ATP forms as electrons are harvested, transferred along the electron transport chain and eventually donated to O2 gas. Oxygen is required! Glucose is completely oxidized. ...
... In aerobic respiration, ATP forms as electrons are harvested, transferred along the electron transport chain and eventually donated to O2 gas. Oxygen is required! Glucose is completely oxidized. ...
Final Exam from S06
... T F The redox reactions that occur in the electron transport chains are endothermic reactions. T F Glycolysis is thought to be the most ancient pathway for the catabolism of glucose because it does not require O2. Which statement(s) are false about control of protein function by phosphorylation T F ...
... T F The redox reactions that occur in the electron transport chains are endothermic reactions. T F Glycolysis is thought to be the most ancient pathway for the catabolism of glucose because it does not require O2. Which statement(s) are false about control of protein function by phosphorylation T F ...
Glucose Homeostasis
... absorption of glucose, So, Glucose given orally stimulates more insulin than intravenous glucose. ...
... absorption of glucose, So, Glucose given orally stimulates more insulin than intravenous glucose. ...
Bio 20 Year Review Key
... 11. What are the products of alcohol fermentation? What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? When and where do these processes take place? - alcohol fermentation : ethanol, when oxygen is low, done by bacteria, yeast -lactic acid, when oxygen is low, done by animals 12. How do you know if y ...
... 11. What are the products of alcohol fermentation? What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? When and where do these processes take place? - alcohol fermentation : ethanol, when oxygen is low, done by bacteria, yeast -lactic acid, when oxygen is low, done by animals 12. How do you know if y ...
Cellular Mechanisms
... (high energy needs) • Phosphorylase phosphatase removes phosphate groups (low energy needs) • Activity of phosphatase and kinase under hormonal control ...
... (high energy needs) • Phosphorylase phosphatase removes phosphate groups (low energy needs) • Activity of phosphatase and kinase under hormonal control ...
Biology 20 Year Review
... 11. What are the products of alcohol fermentation? What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? When and where do these processes take place? - alcohol fermentation : ethanol, when oxygen is low, done by bacteria, yeast -lactic acid, when oxygen is low, done by animals 12. How do you know if y ...
... 11. What are the products of alcohol fermentation? What are the products of lactic acid fermentation? When and where do these processes take place? - alcohol fermentation : ethanol, when oxygen is low, done by bacteria, yeast -lactic acid, when oxygen is low, done by animals 12. How do you know if y ...
unit 3 – photosynthesis and cellular respiration
... The total ATP production of cellular respiration is about 38 ATP molecules/ glucose. IV. GLYCOLYSIS In this process a 6 carbon sugar is split to produce 2 pyruvate molecules. The process consists of 10 steps which can be divided into two phases: o Energy investment phase – during this phase the cell ...
... The total ATP production of cellular respiration is about 38 ATP molecules/ glucose. IV. GLYCOLYSIS In this process a 6 carbon sugar is split to produce 2 pyruvate molecules. The process consists of 10 steps which can be divided into two phases: o Energy investment phase – during this phase the cell ...
Fuel Metabolism
... that is found in large masses in the interscapular region, the perirenal area, and surrounds the aorta and heart of the hibernator. BAT proliferation and differentiation is responsive to multiple signals including insulin and insulin-dependent growth factor (IGF-I) that are particularly involved i ...
... that is found in large masses in the interscapular region, the perirenal area, and surrounds the aorta and heart of the hibernator. BAT proliferation and differentiation is responsive to multiple signals including insulin and insulin-dependent growth factor (IGF-I) that are particularly involved i ...
AP2A Ch2 Chemistry-2017
... C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • Glucose is oxidized to Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen is reduced to Water ...
... C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H2O + ATP • Glucose is oxidized to Carbon Dioxide • Oxygen is reduced to Water ...
Types of Organic compounds
... can bind substrate at the active site and catalyze the production of product. However, when the non-competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the regulatory site, the shape of the active site changes so that it can no longer bind its substrate or catalyze the production of product. The enzyme wil ...
... can bind substrate at the active site and catalyze the production of product. However, when the non-competitive inhibitor binds to the enzyme at the regulatory site, the shape of the active site changes so that it can no longer bind its substrate or catalyze the production of product. The enzyme wil ...
Pentose P Path
... (synthetic) pathways, e.g., fatty acid synthesis. NAD+ serves as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways, in which metabolites are oxidized. ...
... (synthetic) pathways, e.g., fatty acid synthesis. NAD+ serves as electron acceptor in catabolic pathways, in which metabolites are oxidized. ...
Glycolysis
Glycolysis (from glycose, an older term for glucose + -lysis degradation) is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).Glycolysis is a determined sequence of ten enzyme-catalyzed reactions. The intermediates provide entry points to glycolysis. For example, most monosaccharides, such as fructose and galactose, can be converted to one of these intermediates. The intermediates may also be directly useful. For example, the intermediate dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is a source of the glycerol that combines with fatty acids to form fat.Glycolysis is an oxygen independent metabolic pathway, meaning that it does not use molecular oxygen (i.e. atmospheric oxygen) for any of its reactions. However the products of glycolysis (pyruvate and NADH + H+) are sometimes disposed of using atmospheric oxygen. When molecular oxygen is used in the disposal of the products of glycolysis the process is usually referred to as aerobic, whereas if the disposal uses no oxygen the process is said to be anaerobic. Thus, glycolysis occurs, with variations, in nearly all organisms, both aerobic and anaerobic. The wide occurrence of glycolysis indicates that it is one of the most ancient metabolic pathways. Indeed, the reactions that constitute glycolysis and its parallel pathway, the pentose phosphate pathway, occur metal-catalyzed under the oxygen-free conditions of the Archean oceans, also in the absence of enzymes. Glycolysis could thus have originated from chemical constraints of the prebiotic world.Glycolysis occurs in most organisms in the cytosol of the cell. The most common type of glycolysis is the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas (EMP pathway), which was discovered by Gustav Embden, Otto Meyerhof, and Jakub Karol Parnas. Glycolysis also refers to other pathways, such as the Entner–Doudoroff pathway and various heterofermentative and homofermentative pathways. However, the discussion here will be limited to the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway.The entire glycolysis pathway can be separated into two phases: The Preparatory Phase – in which ATP is consumed and is hence also known as the investment phase The Pay Off Phase – in which ATP is produced.↑ ↑ 2.0 2.1 ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑