CellularRespirationglycolysis
... uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane – These ions store potential energy ...
... uses energy released by the “fall” of electrons to pump hydrogen ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane – These ions store potential energy ...
Glycolysis Questions
... Using the diagram provided and page 65-66, answer the following questions. 1. Where does glycolysis occur? ...
... Using the diagram provided and page 65-66, answer the following questions. 1. Where does glycolysis occur? ...
electron transport chain
... Problem: the inner membrane is not permeable to NADH, how can the NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytosol be reoxidized to NAD by O2 via the respiratory chain? Solution: Special shuttle systems carry reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH into mitochondria by an indirect route. The most active ...
... Problem: the inner membrane is not permeable to NADH, how can the NADH generated by glycolysis in the cytosol be reoxidized to NAD by O2 via the respiratory chain? Solution: Special shuttle systems carry reducing equivalents from cytosolic NADH into mitochondria by an indirect route. The most active ...
Metabolism: Basic concepts
... electrons from NADH + H+ to O2. Therefore these cofactors are activated carriers of phosphate and protons/electrons respectively. However, both molecules are relatively stable in the presence of H2O and O2. How is this possible? ...
... electrons from NADH + H+ to O2. Therefore these cofactors are activated carriers of phosphate and protons/electrons respectively. However, both molecules are relatively stable in the presence of H2O and O2. How is this possible? ...
File
... electron transport chain, and is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the matrix into the intermembrane space •This generates a concentration gradient which drives the hydrogen ions back into the matrix through enzymes called ATP Synthase. •ATP synthase uses energy generated by the movement of H+ io ...
... electron transport chain, and is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) from the matrix into the intermembrane space •This generates a concentration gradient which drives the hydrogen ions back into the matrix through enzymes called ATP Synthase. •ATP synthase uses energy generated by the movement of H+ io ...
Bis2A 5.5: Fermentation and regeneration of NAD+
... Imagine the world where fermentation is the primary mode for extracting energy from small molecules. As populations thrive, they reproduce and consume the abundance of small reduced organic molecules in the environment, producing acids. One consequence is the acidi cation (decrease of pH) of the env ...
... Imagine the world where fermentation is the primary mode for extracting energy from small molecules. As populations thrive, they reproduce and consume the abundance of small reduced organic molecules in the environment, producing acids. One consequence is the acidi cation (decrease of pH) of the env ...
Cellular Respiration Chapter 9
... drives metabolism in living things ATP releases energy when converted into ADP ...
... drives metabolism in living things ATP releases energy when converted into ADP ...
De niet-covalente interacties
... water molecules that surround the apolar surface in a stiff, ice-like structure. • The released water molecules have more possibilities to interact with other water molecules in solution. • This results in an increase of the entropy (S) of the water in: G = H TS. This results in a decrease in th ...
... water molecules that surround the apolar surface in a stiff, ice-like structure. • The released water molecules have more possibilities to interact with other water molecules in solution. • This results in an increase of the entropy (S) of the water in: G = H TS. This results in a decrease in th ...
1 PROBLEM SET 3 TCA cycle 1. To date this quarter you have
... cell cannot make thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase. The inability to oxidize pyruvate produced by glycolysis to acetyl-CoA would lead to accumulation of pyruvate in blood and urine. The most direct test for this deficiency is to feed a diet supplemented with thiamin and ...
... cell cannot make thiamine pyrophosphate, the cofactor for pyruvate dehydrogenase. The inability to oxidize pyruvate produced by glycolysis to acetyl-CoA would lead to accumulation of pyruvate in blood and urine. The most direct test for this deficiency is to feed a diet supplemented with thiamin and ...
Chapter 12 (part 1) - University of Nevada, Reno
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
... • Acetyl-CoA + 3 NAD+ + Q + GDP + Pi +2 H20 HS-CoA + 3NADH + QH2 + GTP + 2 CO2 + 2 H+ ...
study guide 009
... 18. Describe the process of chemiosmosis and the role of the proton-motive force. 19. Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function in chemiosmosis. 20. Explain why fermentation and anaerobic respiration are necessary. 21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lac ...
... 18. Describe the process of chemiosmosis and the role of the proton-motive force. 19. Explain how membrane structure is related to membrane function in chemiosmosis. 20. Explain why fermentation and anaerobic respiration are necessary. 21. Compare the fate of pyruvate in alcohol fermentation and lac ...
C483 Final Exam Study Guide The final will be held in Morrison 007
... molecule that you store in your liver. Circle the pathways/cycles below that are part of this overall transformation. Cross out any that are not. Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, citric acid cycle B. Trace the metabolic path of this glutamate molecule throu ...
... molecule that you store in your liver. Circle the pathways/cycles below that are part of this overall transformation. Cross out any that are not. Gluconeogenesis, pentose phosphate pathway, glycogen synthesis, glycolysis, citric acid cycle B. Trace the metabolic path of this glutamate molecule throu ...
Cellular Respiration
... And combines electrons & H+ ions to form H2O The ‘downhill’ flow of electrons powers an enzyme ATP synthase Which produces ~ 34 ATP ...
... And combines electrons & H+ ions to form H2O The ‘downhill’ flow of electrons powers an enzyme ATP synthase Which produces ~ 34 ATP ...
Exam 3 - Chemistry Courses: About
... D. ____________ In glycolysis, the chemical purpose of isomerizing glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is to allow an oxidation to take place in the next step. E. ____________ Fermentation reactions occur so that NADH can be regenerated from NAD+ under anaerobic conditions. F. ____________ B ...
... D. ____________ In glycolysis, the chemical purpose of isomerizing glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate is to allow an oxidation to take place in the next step. E. ____________ Fermentation reactions occur so that NADH can be regenerated from NAD+ under anaerobic conditions. F. ____________ B ...
Citric Acid cycle or Tricarboxylic Acid cycle or Krebs Cycle
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
... then adding back the water ( H and OH ) to cis‐aconitate in at different positions. Isocitrate is consumed rapidly by the next step thus deriving the reaction in forward direction. ...
A2 Respiration test
... In the third stage of aerobic respiration, the carriers are alternately reduced and ……………………. electrons as they gain and lose …………………………. . Energy is released and used to phosphorylate ADP, ...
... In the third stage of aerobic respiration, the carriers are alternately reduced and ……………………. electrons as they gain and lose …………………………. . Energy is released and used to phosphorylate ADP, ...
Respiration - Dr. Annette M. Parrott
... linked together make a nucleic acid. DNA & RNA are nucleic acids • ATP formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis ...
... linked together make a nucleic acid. DNA & RNA are nucleic acids • ATP formed by dehydration synthesis and broken by hydrolysis ...
Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Complex and Tricarboxylic Acid
... • Converts acetyl-CoA to two CO2 while conserving the free energy for ATP production. – The energy is stored as: three NADHs, one FADH2, and one GTP. • Intermediates from the TCA-cycle can be used to synthesize molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. ...
... • Converts acetyl-CoA to two CO2 while conserving the free energy for ATP production. – The energy is stored as: three NADHs, one FADH2, and one GTP. • Intermediates from the TCA-cycle can be used to synthesize molecules such as amino acids and fatty acids. ...
Cellular Respiration - Local.brookings.k12.sd.us
... Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation ...
... Kreb’s Cycle = Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Animation ...
L23 HH Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle e
... • The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis. The phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis in an energy investment phase and the direct generation of ATP in an energy pay off stage. The first phosphorylation leads to a product that can continue to a number of pathways and the secon ...
... • The breakdown of glucose to pyruvate during glycolysis. The phosphorylation of intermediates in glycolysis in an energy investment phase and the direct generation of ATP in an energy pay off stage. The first phosphorylation leads to a product that can continue to a number of pathways and the secon ...
bonds form when water is removed to hold acids together.
... 24. Chains of amino acids make ________________________ which can join together to make a _____________________. 25. _______________ bonds form when water is removed to hold ______________ acids together. Nucleic acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid contains ...
... 24. Chains of amino acids make ________________________ which can join together to make a _____________________. 25. _______________ bonds form when water is removed to hold ______________ acids together. Nucleic acids carry the genetic information in a cell. DNA or deoxyribose nucleic acid contains ...
Bis2A 5.2 Mobile Energy Carriers
... cellular role of ATP is as a "short term" energy transfer device for the cell. The hydrolysis reactions that liberate one or more of ATP's phosphates are exergonic and many, many cellular proteins have evolved to interact with ATP in ways that help to facilitate the transfer of energy from hydrolysi ...
... cellular role of ATP is as a "short term" energy transfer device for the cell. The hydrolysis reactions that liberate one or more of ATP's phosphates are exergonic and many, many cellular proteins have evolved to interact with ATP in ways that help to facilitate the transfer of energy from hydrolysi ...
Lesson 4.4 Anaerobic Respiration version 2
... NAD must be converted into NAD. This happens when pyruvate takes up 2 hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD to make lactate. Lactate causes cramp and fatigue in muscle tissue so this must be removed. It can be oxidised back to pyruvate or it is taken to the liver and converted to glycogen. ...
... NAD must be converted into NAD. This happens when pyruvate takes up 2 hydrogen atoms from reduced NAD to make lactate. Lactate causes cramp and fatigue in muscle tissue so this must be removed. It can be oxidised back to pyruvate or it is taken to the liver and converted to glycogen. ...
p134
... (b) Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. (c) The electron transport chain and ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3. (a) Ubiquinone (Q) is an electron carrier. As part of the electron transport chain, it carries electrons from NADH dehydrogen ...
... (b) Pyruvate oxidation and the Krebs cycle occur in the mitochondrial matrix. (c) The electron transport chain and ATP synthesis occur in the inner mitochondrial membrane. 3. (a) Ubiquinone (Q) is an electron carrier. As part of the electron transport chain, it carries electrons from NADH dehydrogen ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.