Nucleotide Synthesis Nucleotides Origin of Atoms Nucleotide
... • thymine nucleotides are found in DNA • uracil nucleotides are found in RNA • rapidly dividing cells must replicate DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are ...
... • thymine nucleotides are found in DNA • uracil nucleotides are found in RNA • rapidly dividing cells must replicate DNA rapidly and require rapid production of thymine nucleotides • by preventing formation of thymine nucleotides, rapidly dividing cells are ...
Ch 26 Powerpoint
... • Glucose catabolism – glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration ...
... • Glucose catabolism – glycolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration ...
Chapter 5 Spring 2017
... 4. What is the energy of activation? How does an enzyme modify the energy of activation of a reaction? 5. Describe the general structure and characteristics of an enzyme. 6. Explain the mechanism by which enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 7. Why would a particular enzyme be able to bind to only ...
... 4. What is the energy of activation? How does an enzyme modify the energy of activation of a reaction? 5. Describe the general structure and characteristics of an enzyme. 6. Explain the mechanism by which enzymes speed up chemical reactions. 7. Why would a particular enzyme be able to bind to only ...
Lecture 5
... Rubisco (rubisco is short for a very long name). The enzyme basically glues carbon dioxide molecules together. In the end, the dark reactions make glucose. Thus, photosynthesis is really the opposite of cellular respiration. Plants are not the only organisms that do photosynthesis. There are some si ...
... Rubisco (rubisco is short for a very long name). The enzyme basically glues carbon dioxide molecules together. In the end, the dark reactions make glucose. Thus, photosynthesis is really the opposite of cellular respiration. Plants are not the only organisms that do photosynthesis. There are some si ...
2007
... Circle the correct answer 14. [2] Per carbon atom fixed, operation of the complete Calvin cycle requires the reducing equivalents derived from oxidation of ____ molecules of NADPH to NADP+ and the energy derived from hydrolysis of ____ molecules of ATP to ADP. Enter the correct number in the missing ...
... Circle the correct answer 14. [2] Per carbon atom fixed, operation of the complete Calvin cycle requires the reducing equivalents derived from oxidation of ____ molecules of NADPH to NADP+ and the energy derived from hydrolysis of ____ molecules of ATP to ADP. Enter the correct number in the missing ...
Gene Section NQO1 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase, quinone 1 Atlas of Genetics and Cytogenetics
... protein has diminished catalytic activity and the protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. As a result, cells and tissues carrying the homozygous NQO1 *2 allele have no detectable NQO1 activity and at best, trace levels of NQO1 protein. The NQO1 *2/*2 genotype is effectively ...
... protein has diminished catalytic activity and the protein is rapidly degraded by the ubiquitin-proteasomal system. As a result, cells and tissues carrying the homozygous NQO1 *2 allele have no detectable NQO1 activity and at best, trace levels of NQO1 protein. The NQO1 *2/*2 genotype is effectively ...
Cellular Respiration
... • ATP made directly by enzyme-catalyzed reaction • A phosphate-containing compound transfers a phosphate group directly to ADP (makes 31 KJ/mol) • For each glucose molecule processed, 4 ATP (2 net) molecules are generated this way in glycolysis and 2 in Krebs cycle ...
... • ATP made directly by enzyme-catalyzed reaction • A phosphate-containing compound transfers a phosphate group directly to ADP (makes 31 KJ/mol) • For each glucose molecule processed, 4 ATP (2 net) molecules are generated this way in glycolysis and 2 in Krebs cycle ...
Micro Lab Unit 1 Flashcards
... 55) What is formed when oxygen accepts the H+ atoms? 56) Can enzymes be inhibited in many ways? 57) What are three ways that substances can act as an enzyme inhibitor? 58) An enzyme molecule is very large compared to its ______ and may contain several active sites. 59) What is a “false” substrate? 6 ...
... 55) What is formed when oxygen accepts the H+ atoms? 56) Can enzymes be inhibited in many ways? 57) What are three ways that substances can act as an enzyme inhibitor? 58) An enzyme molecule is very large compared to its ______ and may contain several active sites. 59) What is a “false” substrate? 6 ...
Chem 465 Biochemistry II
... reduced form that must be regenerated before the enzyme can work again. This oxidation is performed by the E3 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, which transfers the protons from the reduced lipoate to NAD+ to make NADH. The E3 enzyme is virtually identical in both complexes because it does exactly ...
... reduced form that must be regenerated before the enzyme can work again. This oxidation is performed by the E3 enzyme, dihydrolipoyl dehydrogenase, which transfers the protons from the reduced lipoate to NAD+ to make NADH. The E3 enzyme is virtually identical in both complexes because it does exactly ...
Khan Academy 15min cell respiration
... triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy. This energy is often in the form of protons moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mi ...
... triphosphate (ATP) from adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and inorganic phosphate by using some form of energy. This energy is often in the form of protons moving down an electrochemical gradient, such as from the lumen into the stroma of chloroplasts or from the inter-membrane space into the matrix in mi ...
The Breakdown of Glucose (aka Cellular Respiration)
... 5. Glucose is phosphorylated from 2 ATP molecules -- add phosphates to ends of the 6 carbon chain. 6. This molecule is split in half to form 2 intermediate molecules, G3P. What does this acronym stand for? 7. Energy Payoff Phase (title card) 8. With the help of many enzymes, __ATP’s and __ NADH’s ar ...
... 5. Glucose is phosphorylated from 2 ATP molecules -- add phosphates to ends of the 6 carbon chain. 6. This molecule is split in half to form 2 intermediate molecules, G3P. What does this acronym stand for? 7. Energy Payoff Phase (title card) 8. With the help of many enzymes, __ATP’s and __ NADH’s ar ...
An outline of glycolysis. Each of the 10 steps shown is catalyzed by
... of ATP are generated during glycolysis in the cytosol, but most ATP is produced by membrane based process in mitochondria. Very similar processes also occur in the cell membranes of many bacteria. The process consists of two-linked stages, both of which are carried out by protein complexes embedded ...
... of ATP are generated during glycolysis in the cytosol, but most ATP is produced by membrane based process in mitochondria. Very similar processes also occur in the cell membranes of many bacteria. The process consists of two-linked stages, both of which are carried out by protein complexes embedded ...
SURVEY OF BIOCHEMISTRY Citric Acid Cycle
... Formation of Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is a metabolic intermediate that can be produced from amino acids, glucose (via pyruvate), and fatty acids ...
... Formation of Acetyl CoA Acetyl CoA is a metabolic intermediate that can be produced from amino acids, glucose (via pyruvate), and fatty acids ...
THE CELLULAR RESPIRATION SAGA II: THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 3: Make an ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation • CO2 is released • More NADH is made • Left with 4 C molecule ...
... Operation: “Capture Electrons” • Step 3: Make an ATP by substrate‐level phosphorylation • CO2 is released • More NADH is made • Left with 4 C molecule ...
Pathways that Harvest and Store Chemical Energy
... 2. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 3. Most metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms. ...
... 2. Each reaction is catalyzed by a specific enzyme. 3. Most metabolic pathways are similar in all organisms. ...
24,7 Loctic Fermentotion
... The NADH that is formed enters the respiratory chain, where AIp is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. The pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA,which enters the citric acid cycle.There the acetyl group of acetyl CoA undergoes complete oxidation to carbon dioxide. Some of the lactic acid formed in ...
... The NADH that is formed enters the respiratory chain, where AIp is produced by oxidative phosphorylation. The pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA,which enters the citric acid cycle.There the acetyl group of acetyl CoA undergoes complete oxidation to carbon dioxide. Some of the lactic acid formed in ...
Medical Biochemistry
... Animal cells contain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH ...
... Animal cells contain alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) which oxidizes ethanol to acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde is oxidized to acetate by acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AcDH). Acetaldehyde and acetate are toxic leading to the many side effects (the hangover) that are associated with alcohol consumption. The ADH ...
Enzymes: Biological Catalysts
... Enzyme Inhibitors Stop Enzyme Action Non-competitive inhibitor = molecule binds to enzyme, NOT IN ACTIVE SITE causes a change in shape of the enzyme enzyme cannot bind to substrate • Can be reversed when inhibitor is removed. ...
... Enzyme Inhibitors Stop Enzyme Action Non-competitive inhibitor = molecule binds to enzyme, NOT IN ACTIVE SITE causes a change in shape of the enzyme enzyme cannot bind to substrate • Can be reversed when inhibitor is removed. ...
Pyruvate Oxidation and the Krebs Cycle
... ● Used for lipid synthesis, animals cannot use to synthesize amino acids or carbohydrates ● This means that this conversion is an important step ● Removes the fully oxidized carbon while extracting some energy ● Prepares molecule for the remaining process ...
... ● Used for lipid synthesis, animals cannot use to synthesize amino acids or carbohydrates ● This means that this conversion is an important step ● Removes the fully oxidized carbon while extracting some energy ● Prepares molecule for the remaining process ...
acetyl CoA
... Inside the mitochondrion (before the citric acid cycle can begin), pyruvate (3C) must be decarboxylated into acetate (2C), then oxidized and joined to a molecule of Coenzyme A, and so converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis. During the transformation process of pyruvate into ac ...
... Inside the mitochondrion (before the citric acid cycle can begin), pyruvate (3C) must be decarboxylated into acetate (2C), then oxidized and joined to a molecule of Coenzyme A, and so converted to acetyl CoA, which links the cycle to glycolysis. During the transformation process of pyruvate into ac ...
Enzymes - Cedar City
... interceptor body. Beta Oxidation is then caused, enabling the reduction in fatty acid carbon count. Depending on your species of bacteria, and the constituents of your waste-stream the bacteria may not secret the necessary enzyme to break down the oil and grease molecules, thus will not be capable t ...
... interceptor body. Beta Oxidation is then caused, enabling the reduction in fatty acid carbon count. Depending on your species of bacteria, and the constituents of your waste-stream the bacteria may not secret the necessary enzyme to break down the oil and grease molecules, thus will not be capable t ...
espiration - WordPress.com
... muscle tissue in the presence of oxygen. The muscle preparation was able to respire some of the lactate and this provided the energy needed to convert the remaining lactate into glycogen. The diagram summarises the biochemical steps involved. ...
... muscle tissue in the presence of oxygen. The muscle preparation was able to respire some of the lactate and this provided the energy needed to convert the remaining lactate into glycogen. The diagram summarises the biochemical steps involved. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.