Cellular Respiration
... membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ions, go through the ion protein channel i ...
... membrane of the mitochondria. • These proteins transfer electrons from one to another, down the chain. • These electrons are added, along with some of the H+ protons, to oxygen, which is the final electron acceptor. This produces water. • The rest of the H+ ions, go through the ion protein channel i ...
Ch15 Lect F09
... -Energy released during catabolism is used to drive the formation of these two compounds. -Energy obtained by hydrolyzing ATP can, in turn, be used for anabolism or other energy requiring processes, such as muscle contraction. ...
... -Energy released during catabolism is used to drive the formation of these two compounds. -Energy obtained by hydrolyzing ATP can, in turn, be used for anabolism or other energy requiring processes, such as muscle contraction. ...
24.t Glycolysis
... One glucosemolecule produbes two ATP and two NADH molecules in glycolysis. The phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose6-phosphateis so energetically favorable that essentially all the glucose that enters the cell is immediatelyphosphorylated. ...
... One glucosemolecule produbes two ATP and two NADH molecules in glycolysis. The phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose6-phosphateis so energetically favorable that essentially all the glucose that enters the cell is immediatelyphosphorylated. ...
Respiration - csfcA2Biology
... glucose into ATP? Glucose is already a form of potential chemical energy, why turn it into ATP? • Lots of little packets of energy (ATP) can be made and used for lots of little jobs in the cell. A job seldom requires all the energy contained in one molecule of glucose. (therefore efficient, not ...
... glucose into ATP? Glucose is already a form of potential chemical energy, why turn it into ATP? • Lots of little packets of energy (ATP) can be made and used for lots of little jobs in the cell. A job seldom requires all the energy contained in one molecule of glucose. (therefore efficient, not ...
Glycolysis - MrOwdijWiki
... • The product is two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons) • This release will give a small amount of energy ...
... • The product is two molecules of pyruvate (3 carbons) • This release will give a small amount of energy ...
Cellular Respiration
... Pyruvate Oxidation (mitochondrial matrix) Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane) ...
... Pyruvate Oxidation (mitochondrial matrix) Krebs Cycle/Citric Acid Cycle (mitochondrial matrix) Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane) ...
Cellular Pathways That Harvest Chemical Energy
... • Polysaccharides are broken down into glucose, which enters glycolysis. • Glycerol from fats also enters glycolysis, and acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation enters the citric acid cycle. • Proteins enter glycolysis and the citric acid ...
... • Polysaccharides are broken down into glucose, which enters glycolysis. • Glycerol from fats also enters glycolysis, and acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation enters the citric acid cycle. • Proteins enter glycolysis and the citric acid ...
Respiration
... ATP synthase: enzyme that makes ATP Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane ...
... ATP synthase: enzyme that makes ATP Use E from proton (H+) gradient – flow of H+ back across membrane ...
Fatty acid breakdown
... molecule • Malonyl-CoA (that we will talk about in more detail next week in lipid biosynthesis) inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I ...
... molecule • Malonyl-CoA (that we will talk about in more detail next week in lipid biosynthesis) inhibits carnitine acyltransferase I ...
Shunt Pathway Significance of pentose phosphate pathway
... Normally , 10% of glucose is metabolized through this pathway which operates in the cytoplasm . Energy ( ATP ) is not generated nor required . ...
... Normally , 10% of glucose is metabolized through this pathway which operates in the cytoplasm . Energy ( ATP ) is not generated nor required . ...
Chapter 9 from Mrs Chou
... 1. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2. Remember: OILRIG A. In the conversion of glucose and oxygen to CO2 and H2O, which molecule is reduced? B. Which is oxidized? C. What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction? 3. NAD+ is called a(n) ________________. ...
... 1. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2. Remember: OILRIG A. In the conversion of glucose and oxygen to CO2 and H2O, which molecule is reduced? B. Which is oxidized? C. What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction? 3. NAD+ is called a(n) ________________. ...
Ch 9 (primary ppt) - Phillips Scientific Methods
... 3. Think about the structure of a fat molecule. What feature of its structure makes it a better fuel than a carbohydrate (like glucose)? 2. Explain where the fat goes when you lose weight. ...
... 3. Think about the structure of a fat molecule. What feature of its structure makes it a better fuel than a carbohydrate (like glucose)? 2. Explain where the fat goes when you lose weight. ...
Warm-Up
... 1. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2. Remember: OILRIG A. In the conversion of glucose and oxygen to CO2 and H2O, which molecule is reduced? B. Which is oxidized? C. What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction? 3. NAD+ is called a(n) ________________. ...
... 1. What is the chemical equation for cellular respiration? 2. Remember: OILRIG A. In the conversion of glucose and oxygen to CO2 and H2O, which molecule is reduced? B. Which is oxidized? C. What happens to the energy that is released in this redox reaction? 3. NAD+ is called a(n) ________________. ...
BIOB111 - Tutorial activity for Session 21
... Answer these questions a. Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur b. ...
... Answer these questions a. Where in the cell does the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) occur b. ...
lec32_F2015
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
... CoA is a central intermediate Anabolic role: TCA cycle provides starting material for fats and amino acids. Note: carbohydrates cannot be synthesized from acetyl-CoA by humans. PyruvateAcetyl CoA is one way! In contrast to glycolysis, none of the intermediates are phosphorylated; but all are ei ...
Mitochondria and Cellular Respiration
... mechanism by which cells use glucose may make you fervently hope that a similarlyconstructed system is not needed for each kind of fuel. And indeed it is not. One of the great advantages of the step-by-step oxidation of glucose into CO2 and H2O is that several of the intermediate compounds formed in ...
... mechanism by which cells use glucose may make you fervently hope that a similarlyconstructed system is not needed for each kind of fuel. And indeed it is not. One of the great advantages of the step-by-step oxidation of glucose into CO2 and H2O is that several of the intermediate compounds formed in ...
Lecture 11 (Parker) - Department of Chemistry ::: CALTECH
... Resonance stabiliza@on of orthophosphate ...
... Resonance stabiliza@on of orthophosphate ...
Biology 301 Exam 3 Name Spring 2008 1. Which of the following is
... 1. Which of the following is used as an electron carrier by living organisms? A. NAD+ B. NADP+ C. ubiquinone D. all of the choices 2. Which of the following is not true about enzymes? A. Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions. B. Enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by changes in pH or ...
... 1. Which of the following is used as an electron carrier by living organisms? A. NAD+ B. NADP+ C. ubiquinone D. all of the choices 2. Which of the following is not true about enzymes? A. Enzymes are catalysts that speed up reactions. B. Enzymes are proteins that can be denatured by changes in pH or ...
Oxidative phosphorylation
... • Pyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 • NADH is oxidized to make NAD+ ...
... • Pyruvate converted to ethanol, releasing CO2 • NADH is oxidized to make NAD+ ...
Exam II Sample (1710).doc
... Fermentation is different than respiration in that it does not require: a. ADP. b. NAD. c. oxygen. d. a carbon source like glucose. e. oxidation. ...
... Fermentation is different than respiration in that it does not require: a. ADP. b. NAD. c. oxygen. d. a carbon source like glucose. e. oxidation. ...
Document
... Fermentation is used outside of the presence of oxygen. It is a series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD+,allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP ...
... Fermentation is used outside of the presence of oxygen. It is a series of reactions that convert NADH (from glycolysis) back into NAD+,allowing glycolysis to keep producing a small amount of ATP ...
Name 1 BIO 451 14 December, 1998 FINAL EXAM
... Certain ultimately-fatal neurodegerative diseases (encephalosophies) are characterized by the appearance of protein deposits in neural tissue. These deposits are comprised largely of a polymerized form of the infectious protein (PrPSc). PrpC is the normal (noninfectious) conformation of prion protei ...
... Certain ultimately-fatal neurodegerative diseases (encephalosophies) are characterized by the appearance of protein deposits in neural tissue. These deposits are comprised largely of a polymerized form of the infectious protein (PrPSc). PrpC is the normal (noninfectious) conformation of prion protei ...
Cellular Respiration
... Electrons fall (like a skydiver)...this energy pumps H+ ions into the inner membrane space so they can “fall” back into the ...
... Electrons fall (like a skydiver)...this energy pumps H+ ions into the inner membrane space so they can “fall” back into the ...
Chapter 9: Cellular Respiration, Harvesting Chemical Energy
... The CAC functions as a metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate (Acetyl CoA) o The Cycle generates 1 ATP per turn by substrate-level phosphorylation o Most of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and the related coenzyme FAD (create NADH and FADH2) ...
... The CAC functions as a metabolic furnace that oxidizes organic fuel derived from pyruvate (Acetyl CoA) o The Cycle generates 1 ATP per turn by substrate-level phosphorylation o Most of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and the related coenzyme FAD (create NADH and FADH2) ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.