Essential Concept of Metabolism
... Electron transport is the transfer of eklectrons to oxygen (the final electron acceptor). Oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain for ATP synthesis and is a membrane-regulated process not directly related to the metabolism of specific substrates Fate of electrons: 1. Electron ...
... Electron transport is the transfer of eklectrons to oxygen (the final electron acceptor). Oxidative phosphorylation involves the electron transport chain for ATP synthesis and is a membrane-regulated process not directly related to the metabolism of specific substrates Fate of electrons: 1. Electron ...
Black-Chapter 5 – Essential Concept of Metabolism
... Molecular oxygen is final acceptor for electrons and hydrogen:produces relatively large amount of ATP; ex. many bacteria, fungi, protozoa and animals. In anaeroboic , the metabolic reactions involve the same three steps as for aerobic respiration, but does not use molecular oxygen as the final elect ...
... Molecular oxygen is final acceptor for electrons and hydrogen:produces relatively large amount of ATP; ex. many bacteria, fungi, protozoa and animals. In anaeroboic , the metabolic reactions involve the same three steps as for aerobic respiration, but does not use molecular oxygen as the final elect ...
Nutrition
... A) Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle where it combines with oxaloacetic acid to create citric acid B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called keto acids C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now ...
... A) Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs cycle where it combines with oxaloacetic acid to create citric acid B) As the cycle moves around, citric acid is rearranged to produce different intermediate molecules called keto acids C) At the end of the cycle, the resulting molecule is oxaloacetic acid which is now ...
Catabolism
... Postulates that energy released during electron transport used to establish a proton gradient and charge difference across membrane ...
... Postulates that energy released during electron transport used to establish a proton gradient and charge difference across membrane ...
Biology 2107/03
... and through the membrane (the “free-wheeling” model). The proteins can move transversely (“flip-flop”) from one side of the membrane to the other, but they cannot move laterally (side-toside) (the “trans-crystalline” model). The proteins can move laterally (side-to-side), but they cannot transversel ...
... and through the membrane (the “free-wheeling” model). The proteins can move transversely (“flip-flop”) from one side of the membrane to the other, but they cannot move laterally (side-toside) (the “trans-crystalline” model). The proteins can move laterally (side-to-side), but they cannot transversel ...
Lecture-Intro to metabolism - Creighton Chemistry Webserver
... 2. Metabolic reactions occur in many small steps - “pathways” Why so many steps? Many enzymes in series result in complex transformation Energy released at a small step can be captured efficiently Cells mainly use one type of energy packet (ATP) to fuel any small step Different metabolic processes c ...
... 2. Metabolic reactions occur in many small steps - “pathways” Why so many steps? Many enzymes in series result in complex transformation Energy released at a small step can be captured efficiently Cells mainly use one type of energy packet (ATP) to fuel any small step Different metabolic processes c ...
Chapter 5 Enzymes, Coenzyme and Energy
... where the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system Allosteric Regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site (a site other than the active ...
... where the output of a system acts to oppose changes to the input of the system Allosteric Regulation is the regulation of an enzyme or other protein by binding an effector molecule at the protein's allosteric site (a site other than the active ...
Citric Acid Cycle (CAC) - LSU School of Medicine
... • Pyruvate (actually the acetyl group) from glycolysis is degraded to CO2 – The acetyl group is formed in stage II of metabolism from carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism ...
... • Pyruvate (actually the acetyl group) from glycolysis is degraded to CO2 – The acetyl group is formed in stage II of metabolism from carbohydrate and amino acid metabolism ...
METABOLISM: BASIC CONSEPTS & DESIGN
... - We’ve seen that phosphoryl transfer can be used to drive otherwise endergonic reactions, - alter the energy of conformation of a protein, - or serve as a signal to alter the activity of a protein. The phosphoryl-group donor in all of these reactions is ATP. So ATP is an activated carrier of phosph ...
... - We’ve seen that phosphoryl transfer can be used to drive otherwise endergonic reactions, - alter the energy of conformation of a protein, - or serve as a signal to alter the activity of a protein. The phosphoryl-group donor in all of these reactions is ATP. So ATP is an activated carrier of phosph ...
Citric Acid Cycle - University of California, Berkeley
... electrons to an electron carrier, NAD+, via a tightly bound intermediary electron carrier, FAD. Dihydroxylipoyllysine + NAD+ Lipoyllysine + NADH FAD. The flavin group is the business end of FAD; it is not linked to ribose, but to ribitol—a reduced product of ribose. Then, it is linked to a pyropho ...
... electrons to an electron carrier, NAD+, via a tightly bound intermediary electron carrier, FAD. Dihydroxylipoyllysine + NAD+ Lipoyllysine + NADH FAD. The flavin group is the business end of FAD; it is not linked to ribose, but to ribitol—a reduced product of ribose. Then, it is linked to a pyropho ...
Short Answer Questions: a workshop
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
BCHM 463 Supplemental Problems for Friday, April 2, 2004 1. Write
... answer with regard to your answer to #1. 4 ADP molecules are converted into ATP. There is a net gain of only 2 ATP molecules because 2 are consumed during the first stage of glycolysis. 3. What are the three metabolically irreversible steps of glycolysis? What general type of reaction is catalyzed b ...
... answer with regard to your answer to #1. 4 ADP molecules are converted into ATP. There is a net gain of only 2 ATP molecules because 2 are consumed during the first stage of glycolysis. 3. What are the three metabolically irreversible steps of glycolysis? What general type of reaction is catalyzed b ...
Biochemistry - Circle of Docs
... 77. electron transport system is located a. inner mitochondrial membrane 78. ubiquinone is located in a. mitochondrial membrane 79. if 14:2 fatty acid passes through beta oxidation the end result will be _______ and cleave _________ many times (stupid question) 80. involved in decarboxylation a. thi ...
... 77. electron transport system is located a. inner mitochondrial membrane 78. ubiquinone is located in a. mitochondrial membrane 79. if 14:2 fatty acid passes through beta oxidation the end result will be _______ and cleave _________ many times (stupid question) 80. involved in decarboxylation a. thi ...
THE CITRIC ACID CYCLE
... and more ATP can be made by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of pyruvate: is catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase; is complex; is essentially irreversible under intracellular conditions; occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. ...
... and more ATP can be made by oxidative phosphorylation. The oxidation of pyruvate: is catalysed by pyruvate dehydrogenase; is complex; is essentially irreversible under intracellular conditions; occurs in mitochondria in eukaryotic cells. ...
Unit1-KA5-Revision
... An enzyme is a biological catalyst made up by all living 3-State what an enzyme is. cells. It speeds up reactions and is left unchanged. 4-Which part of the enzyme binds The active site. The shape of the active site is to the substrate? complementary to that of its specific substrate. 5-Explain the ...
... An enzyme is a biological catalyst made up by all living 3-State what an enzyme is. cells. It speeds up reactions and is left unchanged. 4-Which part of the enzyme binds The active site. The shape of the active site is to the substrate? complementary to that of its specific substrate. 5-Explain the ...
Cellular respiration occurs in three stages
... (glucose, starch, carbohydrates) to ATP, the byproduct of this reaction is water and carbon dioxide. It occurs in the cells mitochondria, which are the energy producers for the cell. ...
... (glucose, starch, carbohydrates) to ATP, the byproduct of this reaction is water and carbon dioxide. It occurs in the cells mitochondria, which are the energy producers for the cell. ...
AP Biology Cell Respiration Quiz Study Guide
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
... 8. Which respiratory process generates the most ATP? 9. Why is ATP such a useful energy storage/transfer molecule? 10. How is the electron transport chain energized? Other practice questions…some of these are relevant for the quiz, but they are more intended to guide your general studying. Choose th ...
Document
... 34) Amino acids are made up of carbon and nitrogen. Where can cells get the carbon? ...
... 34) Amino acids are made up of carbon and nitrogen. Where can cells get the carbon? ...
Electron transport chains
... • Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate • They have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 38 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation ...
... • Both use glycolysis to oxidize glucose and other organic fuels to pyruvate • They have different final electron acceptors: an organic molecule (such as pyruvate or acetaldehyde) in fermentation and O2 in cellular respiration • Cellular respiration produces 38 ATP per glucose molecule; fermentation ...
Cellular Respiration
... 10. Fermentation is not as energy productive as respiration because a. it does not take place in a specialized membrane-bound organelle. b. it takes place within the mitochondria of cells. c. it is the pathway common to fermentation and respiration. d. NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate produ ...
... 10. Fermentation is not as energy productive as respiration because a. it does not take place in a specialized membrane-bound organelle. b. it takes place within the mitochondria of cells. c. it is the pathway common to fermentation and respiration. d. NAD+ is regenerated by alcohol or lactate produ ...
Metabolism, Glycolysis, & Fermentation
... catabolism (glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain). 2. Compare the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with glycolysis in terms of energy production and products. 3. Describe fermentation and contrast it with respiration. 4. Identify useful end-products ...
... catabolism (glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transport chain). 2. Compare the pentose phosphate pathway and the Entner-Doudoroff pathway with glycolysis in terms of energy production and products. 3. Describe fermentation and contrast it with respiration. 4. Identify useful end-products ...
Foundations in Microbiology
... • Most obligate anaerobes use the H generated during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to reduce some compound other than O2 ...
... • Most obligate anaerobes use the H generated during glycolysis and the Kreb’s cycle to reduce some compound other than O2 ...
Energy and Metabolism
... a. Makes ATP for cell use; uses glucose and oxygen makes waste products of carbon dioxide and water; occurs in mitochondria; NADH is electron carrier used b. Glycolysis (1) occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP throug ...
... a. Makes ATP for cell use; uses glucose and oxygen makes waste products of carbon dioxide and water; occurs in mitochondria; NADH is electron carrier used b. Glycolysis (1) occurs in cytoplasm; anaerobic (2) rearranges the bonds in glucose molecules, releasing free energy to form ATP from ADP throug ...
how cells obtain energy from food
... grow. This is thermodynamically possible only because of a continual input of energy, part of which must be released from the cells to their environment as heat that disorders the surroundings. The only chemical reactions possible are those that increase the total amount of disorder in the universe. ...
... grow. This is thermodynamically possible only because of a continual input of energy, part of which must be released from the cells to their environment as heat that disorders the surroundings. The only chemical reactions possible are those that increase the total amount of disorder in the universe. ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.