Microbial Metabolism
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
221_exam_2_2004
... (1) Bacteriochlorophylls can be found with very diverse absorbance spectra. What advantage does this provide for the phototroph? ...
... (1) Bacteriochlorophylls can be found with very diverse absorbance spectra. What advantage does this provide for the phototroph? ...
File
... • Energy released by burning (oxidizing) substrate will cause the a known mass of water’s temperature to rise • Measuring the change in water temperature will determine energy value of substrate oxidized ...
... • Energy released by burning (oxidizing) substrate will cause the a known mass of water’s temperature to rise • Measuring the change in water temperature will determine energy value of substrate oxidized ...
TCA cycle cross products (also known as “nothing is simple” My
... enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acet ...
... enzymes that allow the cycle to run in reverse: ATP citrate lyase, 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase, and fumarate reductase. 2-oxoglutarate:ferredoxin oxidoreductase catalyzes the carboxylation of succinyl-CoA to 2-oxoglutarate, ATP citrate lyase the ATP-dependent cleavage of citrate to acet ...
NOTES: Ch 9, part 4
... ● Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the Krebs cycle ● Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ● An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
... ● Proteins must be digested to amino acids; amino groups can feed glycolysis or the Krebs cycle ● Fats are digested to glycerol (used in glycolysis) and fatty acids (used in generating acetyl CoA) ● An oxidized gram of fat produces more than twice as much ATP as an oxidized gram of carbohydrate ...
Fermentation and Cellular Respiration
... As explained above, glycolysis is used to catabolize glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules, but the pathway does not stop there. Instead, the pyruvic acids serve as final electron acceptors, the two molecules of NADH+H+ are oxidized to NAD and the two pyruvic acid molecules are converted into lact ...
... As explained above, glycolysis is used to catabolize glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules, but the pathway does not stop there. Instead, the pyruvic acids serve as final electron acceptors, the two molecules of NADH+H+ are oxidized to NAD and the two pyruvic acid molecules are converted into lact ...
Cellular Respiration - Warren County Schools
... The Electron Transport Chain is the second part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – ATP synthase produces a large amount of ATP – oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions – water is rele ...
... The Electron Transport Chain is the second part of cellular respiration. • The electron transport chain uses NADH and FADH2 to make ATP. – high-energy electrons enter electron transport chain – ATP synthase produces a large amount of ATP – oxygen picks up electrons and hydrogen ions – water is rele ...
Cellular Respiration
... cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some H+ in chemiosmosis may leak through the membrane. • Aerobic Respiration is generally 19 times more efficient than anaerobic respiration. • The ATP produced during aerobic respiration represents about 1/2 of the energy stored in a molecule of ...
... cytoplasm through the inner mitochondrial membrane. Some H+ in chemiosmosis may leak through the membrane. • Aerobic Respiration is generally 19 times more efficient than anaerobic respiration. • The ATP produced during aerobic respiration represents about 1/2 of the energy stored in a molecule of ...
Riveting Respiration
... The only way for the H+ to get back in is through the enzyme ATP synthase ATP synthase is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane As H+ moves through the membrane, it allows ADP to be phosphorylated making ATP (ADP + Pi ATP). This is called Oxidative phosphorylation (using a redox rxn ...
... The only way for the H+ to get back in is through the enzyme ATP synthase ATP synthase is an enzyme located in the inner mitochondrial membrane As H+ moves through the membrane, it allows ADP to be phosphorylated making ATP (ADP + Pi ATP). This is called Oxidative phosphorylation (using a redox rxn ...
Page 1 Enzymes OK….so now we`ve done all of that Chemistry stuff
... o What is a catalyst? (We will look at how some work later) A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction (by lowering the activation energy) but it remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Without catalysts, 37˚C would be too slow to sustain life. We will look at how differen ...
... o What is a catalyst? (We will look at how some work later) A catalyst is a substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction (by lowering the activation energy) but it remains unchanged at the end of the reaction. Without catalysts, 37˚C would be too slow to sustain life. We will look at how differen ...
The citric acid cycle • Also known as the Kreb`s cycle
... • This enzyme is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (all other reactions are in the mitochondrial matrix) Also known as Complex II, which feeds e- directly into the electron transport chain (we will see in a bit) • Oxidation/reduction with formation of double bond • Formation of FADH2 (note ...
... • This enzyme is located in the inner mitochondrial membrane (all other reactions are in the mitochondrial matrix) Also known as Complex II, which feeds e- directly into the electron transport chain (we will see in a bit) • Oxidation/reduction with formation of double bond • Formation of FADH2 (note ...
The Kreb`s Cycle
... hydrogen atoms from their protons. The protonmotive force (electrochemical gradient) drives ATP synthesis. ...
... hydrogen atoms from their protons. The protonmotive force (electrochemical gradient) drives ATP synthesis. ...
Chapter 7 Active Reading Guide
... 28. What is the role of the electron transport chain in forming the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? ...
... 28. What is the role of the electron transport chain in forming the H+ gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane? ...
chapt06b_lecture
... mitochondria while synthesis occurs in the cytosol. Organelles also allow for concentration of specific reagents. Eg. Lysosomes require a low pH (~5) and their ...
... mitochondria while synthesis occurs in the cytosol. Organelles also allow for concentration of specific reagents. Eg. Lysosomes require a low pH (~5) and their ...
- Riverside Preparatory High School
... Occurs in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae) The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! ...
... Occurs in the folds of the Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria (Cristae) The electrons are passed down a chain of proteins until they reach the final electron acceptor…..oxygen! ...
BIOLOGICAL OXIDATION
... 1- Chemical theory :It suggests that there is a direct chemical coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation through high-energy intermediate compounds. This theory is not accepted, as postulated high-energy intermediate compounds were never found. 2- Chemiosomotic theory :It suggest that the transfer ...
... 1- Chemical theory :It suggests that there is a direct chemical coupling of oxidation and phosphorylation through high-energy intermediate compounds. This theory is not accepted, as postulated high-energy intermediate compounds were never found. 2- Chemiosomotic theory :It suggest that the transfer ...
cellular respiration - Aurora City Schools
... the gain of oxygen) and reduction (the gaining of an electron, or hydrogen or losing oxygen by an element) ...
... the gain of oxygen) and reduction (the gaining of an electron, or hydrogen or losing oxygen by an element) ...
Summary of glycolysis (Embden
... chain reactions). When energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. In the 5th step, for each molecule of glucose entering in the pathway, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. The availability of co-enzymes inside a cell is lim ...
... chain reactions). When energy is trapped by oxidation of reducing equivalents such as NADH, it is called oxidative phosphorylation. In the 5th step, for each molecule of glucose entering in the pathway, two molecules of NAD+ are reduced to NADH. The availability of co-enzymes inside a cell is lim ...
Introduction to Physiology: The Cell and General Physiology
... • ionized AA’s circulate in the plasma, ~ 35-65 mg/dl – control is not known, but even after a meal, plasma levels return to normal very rapidly – also, when plasma [AA] decreases, cell protein catabolism compensates ...
... • ionized AA’s circulate in the plasma, ~ 35-65 mg/dl – control is not known, but even after a meal, plasma levels return to normal very rapidly – also, when plasma [AA] decreases, cell protein catabolism compensates ...
Exam 3 Review Sheet Chemistry 1120 Spring 2003 Dr. Doug Harris
... Review how the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to “drive” another reaction. ...
... Review how the hydrolysis of ATP can be used to “drive” another reaction. ...
Questions for Enzyme - I
... a. Bell shaped b. Sigmoid shaped c. Rectangular hyperbola shaped d. Can be of any shape depending on prevailing conditions 10. Mechanism of action of enzymes is a. By reducing the activation energy of the reaction b. By providing alternate pathways requiring less energy c. By forming enzyme – substr ...
... a. Bell shaped b. Sigmoid shaped c. Rectangular hyperbola shaped d. Can be of any shape depending on prevailing conditions 10. Mechanism of action of enzymes is a. By reducing the activation energy of the reaction b. By providing alternate pathways requiring less energy c. By forming enzyme – substr ...
Chapter 14 (Part 1)
... impermeable to NADH. • Electrons carried by NADH that are created in the cytoplasm (such as in glycolysis) must be shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix before they can enter the ETS ...
... impermeable to NADH. • Electrons carried by NADH that are created in the cytoplasm (such as in glycolysis) must be shuttled into the mitochondrial matrix before they can enter the ETS ...
Intracellular Respiration
... b. Oxygen, in turn, is reduced 2.reduction the addition of electrons 3. hydrocarbons, and molecules that have a lot of Hydrogen(sugars, fats) are sources of electrons that can be pulled by Oxygen ...
... b. Oxygen, in turn, is reduced 2.reduction the addition of electrons 3. hydrocarbons, and molecules that have a lot of Hydrogen(sugars, fats) are sources of electrons that can be pulled by Oxygen ...
CHM 365 Name: Exam 3 Do all of the following 21 questions
... a) Can be easily released from the membrane by treatment with salt solutions. b) Their removal from the membrane does not disrupt the entire membrane. c) They can be noncovalently attached to the membrane d) They can be covalently attached to the membrane e) All peripheral proteins are attached to i ...
... a) Can be easily released from the membrane by treatment with salt solutions. b) Their removal from the membrane does not disrupt the entire membrane. c) They can be noncovalently attached to the membrane d) They can be covalently attached to the membrane e) All peripheral proteins are attached to i ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.