Cellular Energy
... – If O2 is present pyruvic acid will be used in the process of aerobic respiration • 36 more molecules of ATP are synthesized as cellular respiration continues through the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain – If O2 is absent the pyruvic acid will be used in the process of anaerobic respira ...
... – If O2 is present pyruvic acid will be used in the process of aerobic respiration • 36 more molecules of ATP are synthesized as cellular respiration continues through the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain – If O2 is absent the pyruvic acid will be used in the process of anaerobic respira ...
The Major Transitions in Evolution
... Á. Kun • Use Heinrich’s scope analyis to identify absolutely essential INTERNAL molecules • Look for those molecules that yield the largest increase in metabolic scope • Stop when there is a functional metabolism • Check the results with flux balance analysis (FBA) for the producible compounds in st ...
... Á. Kun • Use Heinrich’s scope analyis to identify absolutely essential INTERNAL molecules • Look for those molecules that yield the largest increase in metabolic scope • Stop when there is a functional metabolism • Check the results with flux balance analysis (FBA) for the producible compounds in st ...
Structure and physical-chemical properties of enzymes
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
... •Inhibitor binds as a substrate and is initially processed by the normal catalytic mechanism •It then generates a chemically reactive intermediate that inactivates the enzyme through covalent modification •Suicide because enzyme participates in its own irreversible inhibition ...
Chapter 7A- Cellular Respiration: Glycolysis - TJ
... The below figure introduces the 3 stages of cellular respiration. Label the diagram. Include electron transport chain, pyruvate, mitochondrion, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, cytoplasm, glucose, 2 NADH, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 34 ATP, 38 ATP. ...
... The below figure introduces the 3 stages of cellular respiration. Label the diagram. Include electron transport chain, pyruvate, mitochondrion, citric acid cycle, glycolysis, cytoplasm, glucose, 2 NADH, 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP, 34 ATP, 38 ATP. ...
Bio 210 Cell Chemistry Lecture 9 “Krebs Cycle”
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
... pyruvate + NAD+ + coenzyme A ----> acetyl CoA + CO2 + NADH + H+ (1) pyruvate is transported into the mitochondrion (2) pyruvate is oxidized to a 2 C compound (acetate) with loss of CO2 (3) the acetate is linked to coenzyme A, forming acetyl CoA (4) NAD+ is reduced in the reaction to form NADH + H+ F ...
CK12 Homework Sections 1.27 to 1.30 Section 1.27 Glycolysis 1
... 2. Explain the chemiosmotic gradient. A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP. 3. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced during the electron transport stage of aerobic ...
... 2. Explain the chemiosmotic gradient. A chemiosmotic gradient causes hydrogen ions to flow back across the mitochondrial membrane into the matrix, through ATP synthase, producing ATP. 3. What is the maximum number of ATP molecules that can be produced during the electron transport stage of aerobic ...
ppt
... 5. Succinyl CoA Synthetase • Synthetase means ATP (GTP) involved • High energy bond used to do substratelevel phosphorylation ...
... 5. Succinyl CoA Synthetase • Synthetase means ATP (GTP) involved • High energy bond used to do substratelevel phosphorylation ...
state university college at buffalo - Buffalo State College Faculty and
... 26. Phosphofructose Kinase (PFK) is an important regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. PFK is allosterically inhibited by ATP. Explain why this is considered an example of feedback inhibition. ...
... 26. Phosphofructose Kinase (PFK) is an important regulatory enzyme in glycolysis. PFK is allosterically inhibited by ATP. Explain why this is considered an example of feedback inhibition. ...
Chapter 3: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
... 13-29 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase may be used more than once. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that occurs in the __________________ of mitochondria ...
... 13-29 For each of the following sentences, fill in the blanks with the best word or phrase selected from the list below. Not all words or phrases will be used; each word or phrase may be used more than once. Oxidative phosphorylation is a process that occurs in the __________________ of mitochondria ...
Chapter 7: PowerPoint
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
... DG = -686kcal/mol of glucose DG can be even higher than this in a cell This large amount of energy must be released in small steps rather than all at once. ...
Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA), Krebs Cycle
... It is coupled by release of GTPwhich interconverted by nucleoside diphosphate kinase ...
... It is coupled by release of GTPwhich interconverted by nucleoside diphosphate kinase ...
File
... The TCA cycle occurs twice for every molecule of glucose oxidized The net result is 2 ATP and 4 CO2 The overall reaction for glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation and TCA cycle ...
... The TCA cycle occurs twice for every molecule of glucose oxidized The net result is 2 ATP and 4 CO2 The overall reaction for glycolysis, acetyl CoA formation and TCA cycle ...
Cellular Respiration
... • 2.Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate into carbon dioxide • 3.Electron Transport Chain: inner membrane of mitochondrion; electrons passed to oxygen ...
... • 2.Kreb’s Cycle: mitochondrial matrix; pyruvate into carbon dioxide • 3.Electron Transport Chain: inner membrane of mitochondrion; electrons passed to oxygen ...
Cell Respiration
... – If O2 is present pyruvic acid will be used in the process of aerobic respiration • 36 more molecules of ATP are synthesized as cellular respiration continues through the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain – If O2 is absent the pyruvic acid will be used in the process of anaerobic respira ...
... – If O2 is present pyruvic acid will be used in the process of aerobic respiration • 36 more molecules of ATP are synthesized as cellular respiration continues through the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain – If O2 is absent the pyruvic acid will be used in the process of anaerobic respira ...
Cellular Respiration - Parkway C-2
... glucose is broken into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates (a 3-carbon compound) “investing” 2 ATP. These are converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid and the ‘investment’ pays out a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The process of glycolysis produces and then captures two pairs of high-energy electrons usin ...
... glucose is broken into 2 glyceraldehyde 3-phosphates (a 3-carbon compound) “investing” 2 ATP. These are converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid and the ‘investment’ pays out a total of 4 ATP and 2 NADH. The process of glycolysis produces and then captures two pairs of high-energy electrons usin ...
Chapter 8 Enzymes: basic concepts and kinetics
... oxidized to CO2 and H20 via acetyl CoA and the TCA cycle and respiratory chain (30 ATP). ...
... oxidized to CO2 and H20 via acetyl CoA and the TCA cycle and respiratory chain (30 ATP). ...
Respiration - Fort Thomas Independent Schools
... • Process of extracting to energy from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. • Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. • Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
... • Process of extracting to energy from NADH and FADH2 to form ATP. • Function: Convert NADH and FADH2 into ATP. • Location: Mitochondria cristae. ...
Enzymes are proteins which control biochemical reactions in cells
... o Penicillin, the first of "wonder drug" antibiotics, permanently blocks pathways certain bacteria use to assemble their cell wall component (peptidoglycan) ...
... o Penicillin, the first of "wonder drug" antibiotics, permanently blocks pathways certain bacteria use to assemble their cell wall component (peptidoglycan) ...
DOC
... provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part of respiratory pathways in the cell is anaerobic. This term means that oxygen is no ...
... provide useful energy for the cell. Enzymes catalyze the oxidation reactions. These reactions are known as catabolic reactions because they break molecules down to release energy. Anaerobic respiration The first part of respiratory pathways in the cell is anaerobic. This term means that oxygen is no ...
Short Answer Questions: a workshop
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
... Look at a student’s answer to the question below and summarise it in NO MORE THAN 20 words. Question: The enzyme pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) catalyses the conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA in the mitochondria. Some children have a deficiency of this enzyme activity. Explain why: these children h ...
Which of the following is a coenzyme associated with
... C. plasma membrane ___ D. electron transport system ...
... C. plasma membrane ___ D. electron transport system ...
Communication, Homeostasis
... o For their energy to be realised and used it must be converted into another form ATP. o The metabolic process of Respiration converts these organic molecules into ATP which is used by all living things as an energy ...
... o For their energy to be realised and used it must be converted into another form ATP. o The metabolic process of Respiration converts these organic molecules into ATP which is used by all living things as an energy ...
Microbial Metabolism
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
... ENZYME COMPONENTS • HOLOENZYME = APOENZYME + COFACTOR – Apoenzyme = protein component – Cofactor/coenzyme = non-protein component ...
Microbiology: A Systems Approach, 2nd ed.
... use only the glycolysis scheme to incompletely oxidize glucose – Aerobic respiration: When oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor at the end of the respiration scheme to produce H2O. – Anaerobic respiration: Does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor, but uses nitrogen or co ...
... use only the glycolysis scheme to incompletely oxidize glucose – Aerobic respiration: When oxygen is used as the final electron acceptor at the end of the respiration scheme to produce H2O. – Anaerobic respiration: Does not use molecular oxygen as the final electron acceptor, but uses nitrogen or co ...
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme found in all living cells. The compound is a dinucleotide, because it consists of two nucleotides joined through their phosphate groups. One nucleotide contains an adenine base and the other nicotinamide. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide exists in two forms, an oxidized and reduced form abbreviated as NAD+ and NADH respectively.In metabolism, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is involved in redox reactions, carrying electrons from one reaction to another. The coenzyme is, therefore, found in two forms in cells: NAD+ is an oxidizing agent – it accepts electrons from other molecules and becomes reduced. This reaction forms NADH, which can then be used as a reducing agent to donate electrons. These electron transfer reactions are the main function of NAD. However, it is also used in other cellular processes, the most notable one being a substrate of enzymes that add or remove chemical groups from proteins, in posttranslational modifications. Because of the importance of these functions, the enzymes involved in NAD metabolism are targets for drug discovery.In organisms, NAD can be synthesized from simple building-blocks (de novo) from the amino acids tryptophan or aspartic acid. In an alternative fashion, more complex components of the coenzymes are taken up from food as the vitamin called niacin. Similar compounds are released by reactions that break down the structure of NAD. These preformed components then pass through a salvage pathway that recycles them back into the active form. Some NAD is also converted into nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP); the chemistry of this related coenzyme is similar to that of NAD, but it has different roles in metabolism.Although NAD+ is written with a superscript plus sign because of the formal charge on a particular nitrogen atom, at physiological pH for the most part it is actually a singly charged anion (charge of minus 1), while NADH is a doubly charged anion.