Chem*3560 Lecture 15: Gluconeogenesis
... 2 NADH made by lactate dehydrogenase 2 ATP needed by pyruvate carboxylase 2 GTP needed by PEP carboxykinase 2 ATP needed by phosphoglycerate kinase 2 NADH used glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase No ATP made by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase or glucose-6-phospahtase Net 6 ATP equivalents are neede ...
... 2 NADH made by lactate dehydrogenase 2 ATP needed by pyruvate carboxylase 2 GTP needed by PEP carboxykinase 2 ATP needed by phosphoglycerate kinase 2 NADH used glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase No ATP made by fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase or glucose-6-phospahtase Net 6 ATP equivalents are neede ...
Structure and function of mitochondria (Slide
... 2 from Glycolosis 2 from Krebs Cycle 34 from Electron Transport Chain ...
... 2 from Glycolosis 2 from Krebs Cycle 34 from Electron Transport Chain ...
Objectives_Set1
... For E1, E2 and E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex list their substrates and products, identify their co-factors giving the roles and vitamin sources, and discuss their regulation. ...
... For E1, E2 and E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex list their substrates and products, identify their co-factors giving the roles and vitamin sources, and discuss their regulation. ...
Chapter 3: Energy, Catalysis, and Biosynthesis
... The CO2 first enters a cell in a corn leaf, where photosynthesis fixes the carbon to make it part of a sugar molecule; this travels from the leaf to an ear of corn, where it is stored as part of a polysaccharide __________________ molecule in the corn seed. You then eat a corn chip made from the cor ...
... The CO2 first enters a cell in a corn leaf, where photosynthesis fixes the carbon to make it part of a sugar molecule; this travels from the leaf to an ear of corn, where it is stored as part of a polysaccharide __________________ molecule in the corn seed. You then eat a corn chip made from the cor ...
Table S1. - BioMed Central
... Key enzyme of the glycolysis; PFK-1 is inhibited by ATP and citrate (from the citric acid cycle) [127]. Executes the final step of aerobic glycolysis, favors the conversion of pyruvate to lactate; target of new antineoplastic pharmacologic agents ...
... Key enzyme of the glycolysis; PFK-1 is inhibited by ATP and citrate (from the citric acid cycle) [127]. Executes the final step of aerobic glycolysis, favors the conversion of pyruvate to lactate; target of new antineoplastic pharmacologic agents ...
Figure 17-3 Degradation of glucose via the glycolytic pathway.
... which must be generated in the mitochondria. OAA cannot be transported out so it must be converted to PEP ...
... which must be generated in the mitochondria. OAA cannot be transported out so it must be converted to PEP ...
organic molecules
... 1. Amine (NH2) on one end, carboxyl (COOH) on the other end, and H and R groups a. portion that differs: R-group 2. More than 20 different amino acids in nature 3. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein C. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond forms a dipeptide. A long chain is called a pol ...
... 1. Amine (NH2) on one end, carboxyl (COOH) on the other end, and H and R groups a. portion that differs: R-group 2. More than 20 different amino acids in nature 3. Sequence of amino acids determines the protein C. 2 amino acids joined by a peptide bond forms a dipeptide. A long chain is called a pol ...
1 of 3 Biochemistry Final exam Block 3, 2008 Name Answer all of
... In the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, transketolase and transaldolase are used to transfer carbon chains among the various pathway intermediates. Transketolase uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as its cofactor whereas transaldolase does not require a cofactor. Chemically expla ...
... In the non-oxidative phase of the pentose phosphate pathway, transketolase and transaldolase are used to transfer carbon chains among the various pathway intermediates. Transketolase uses thiamine pyrophosphate (TPP) as its cofactor whereas transaldolase does not require a cofactor. Chemically expla ...
lecture2
... (ptyalin) which hydrolysis starch and glycogen to maltose. Because of the short time it acts on food, digestion is not much. Mastication subdivides the food increasing its solubility and surface area for enzyme attack. In the acid environment of the stomach digestion of carbohydrate stops. The stoma ...
... (ptyalin) which hydrolysis starch and glycogen to maltose. Because of the short time it acts on food, digestion is not much. Mastication subdivides the food increasing its solubility and surface area for enzyme attack. In the acid environment of the stomach digestion of carbohydrate stops. The stoma ...
Chapter 19
... 1 NADH = 3 ATP; 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP; 1 Acetyl-CoA = 12 ATP; 1 Propionyl-CoA = 20 ATP • Odd carbon fatty acid oxidation produces propionyl-CoA, which is converted to succinylCoA. In the conversion, B12 cofactor enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase rearranges the carbon skeleton. • Excess of acetyl-CoA is con ...
... 1 NADH = 3 ATP; 1 FADH2 = 2 ATP; 1 Acetyl-CoA = 12 ATP; 1 Propionyl-CoA = 20 ATP • Odd carbon fatty acid oxidation produces propionyl-CoA, which is converted to succinylCoA. In the conversion, B12 cofactor enzyme, methylmalonyl-CoA mutase rearranges the carbon skeleton. • Excess of acetyl-CoA is con ...
Lecture #22 - Suraj @ LUMS
... - Lactate & pyruvate: mainly come from muscles. - Glycerol: supplied by adipose tissue when triglycerides are broken down. - Fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose, but: Fatty acid metabolism indirectly supports gluconeogenesis by producing AcetylCoA. AcetylCoA activates and inhibits key enzym ...
... - Lactate & pyruvate: mainly come from muscles. - Glycerol: supplied by adipose tissue when triglycerides are broken down. - Fatty acids cannot be converted into glucose, but: Fatty acid metabolism indirectly supports gluconeogenesis by producing AcetylCoA. AcetylCoA activates and inhibits key enzym ...
Protein Calorie Malnutrition
... – Draw on short term reserves to maintain blood glucose levels for glucose-dependent tissues (brain, blood cells, and renal medulla) • release and oxidation of fatty acids • release of glucose from liver glycogen – Liver glycogen capacity: approximately 1000 kcal – Equivalent to 250g carbohydrate/gl ...
... – Draw on short term reserves to maintain blood glucose levels for glucose-dependent tissues (brain, blood cells, and renal medulla) • release and oxidation of fatty acids • release of glucose from liver glycogen – Liver glycogen capacity: approximately 1000 kcal – Equivalent to 250g carbohydrate/gl ...
Biology 301 Exam 3 Name Spring 2008 1. Which of the following is
... 57. A monounsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s). A. only one B. exactly two C. one or more D. two or more 58. Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called A. metabolism. B. anabolism. C. catabolism. D. amphibolism. ...
... 57. A monounsaturated fatty acids are those containing __________ carbon-carbon double bond(s). A. only one B. exactly two C. one or more D. two or more 58. Synthesis of complex molecules from simpler ones with the input of energy is called A. metabolism. B. anabolism. C. catabolism. D. amphibolism. ...
Decreasing Inflammation
... Stimulates manufacture of GAGs by chondrocytes and promotes incorporation of sulfur into cartilage Increases ability to absorb shock ...
... Stimulates manufacture of GAGs by chondrocytes and promotes incorporation of sulfur into cartilage Increases ability to absorb shock ...
Metabolism III
... In eucaryotes, anabolic and catabolic reactions located in separate compartments – allows pathways to operate simultaneously but independently ...
... In eucaryotes, anabolic and catabolic reactions located in separate compartments – allows pathways to operate simultaneously but independently ...
Word
... membrane bound phospholipids. B) Fatty acyl units released from phospholipids are used in the synthesis of lipid soluble vitamins. C) Arachidonic acid and Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) are both key signaling molecules released from phospholipids. D) The breakdown of phospholipids only occurs in ...
... membrane bound phospholipids. B) Fatty acyl units released from phospholipids are used in the synthesis of lipid soluble vitamins. C) Arachidonic acid and Inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) are both key signaling molecules released from phospholipids. D) The breakdown of phospholipids only occurs in ...
Alcohol Metabolism
... Accumulation of NADH + H+ (acidic) Excess NADH promotes pyruvate lactate (acidic) Interferes w/uric acid excretion (acid – gout symptoms) Decreased bile production Decreased oxygen distribution to liver cells Decreased immune function (decreased prot. synthesis as AAs are deaminated an ...
... Accumulation of NADH + H+ (acidic) Excess NADH promotes pyruvate lactate (acidic) Interferes w/uric acid excretion (acid – gout symptoms) Decreased bile production Decreased oxygen distribution to liver cells Decreased immune function (decreased prot. synthesis as AAs are deaminated an ...
Thursday, September 4 Bell Work: Predict the outcome of slight
... Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body These must be supplied in the diet These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, which are required for normal growth and are thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease ...
... Certain unsaturated fatty acids are not synthesized in the human body These must be supplied in the diet These essential fatty acids include the omega-3 fatty acids, which are required for normal growth and are thought to provide protection against cardiovascular disease ...
GOALS FOR LECTURE 9:
... ∆G, hexokinase (or glucokinase) for step 1, phosphofructokinase for step 3, and pyruvate kinase for step 10, are the primary steps for allosteric enzyme regulation. Generally, enzymes that catalyze essentially irreversible steps in metabolic pathways are potential sites for regulatory control. Usual ...
... ∆G, hexokinase (or glucokinase) for step 1, phosphofructokinase for step 3, and pyruvate kinase for step 10, are the primary steps for allosteric enzyme regulation. Generally, enzymes that catalyze essentially irreversible steps in metabolic pathways are potential sites for regulatory control. Usual ...
Lecture 5: Cell Metabolism
... Lipid synthesis • Fas are synthesized from 2-C units of acetyl CoA • Combined with glycerol to make triglycerides and phospholipids • Most lipid synthesis occurs in smooth ER • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis in adipose ...
... Lipid synthesis • Fas are synthesized from 2-C units of acetyl CoA • Combined with glycerol to make triglycerides and phospholipids • Most lipid synthesis occurs in smooth ER • Insulin stimulates glucose uptake and triglyceride synthesis in adipose ...
7. Metabolism
... a) people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. b) oxaloacetate builds up and TCA cycle activity increases. c) acetyl CoA is blocked from entering the TCA cycle. d) All of the above can prompt the production of ketones. ...
... a) people follow a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. b) oxaloacetate builds up and TCA cycle activity increases. c) acetyl CoA is blocked from entering the TCA cycle. d) All of the above can prompt the production of ketones. ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.