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Molecular Models – Practice Building Monomers – Lab
Using your molecular model set, build a molecule from each group by connecting atoms as diagramed. You
will work as pairs on each side of the table. Do NOT mix kit parts! Once you have completed a model, have
me check it for accuracy. Then some groups will combine monomers with the other side of the table to
make polymers.
1. Sugars:
THE MONOMERS
THAT MAKE UP
CARBOHYDRATES
Glucose
Fructose
C6 H12 O6
C6 H12 O6
Glucose, C6 H12 O6, is an example of the simplest type of carbohydrate, a monosaccharide, or simple sugar.
Fructose, the sugar found in fruit, is also a monosaccharide. It has the same chemical formula as glucose,
C6 H12 O6, but differs in structure. Galactose, a sugar found in milk., is also an isomer of Glucose.
(Isomers =the same # of each atom, but atoms are arranged differently with the same molecular formula,
but different molecular structure)
Two simple sugars can bond together to form organic compounds called disaccharides. Table sugar,
sucrose, is a disaccharide made from one molecule of glucose and one molecule of fructose. The glucose
gives up a “OH” (a hydroxide) and the fructose gives up an “H” (a hydrogen atom) and then they share an
oxygen atom forming the disaccharide – sucrose. This process is called dehydration (to take away water)
synthesis (to build)…water is removed to build two small molecules into a bigger molecule.
When this process is reversed it is called hydrolysis…to break apart using water… Can you see how the
above equation would be reversed if water broke the bond where the O (oxygen) is being shared in the
sucrose molecule, and the two monosaccharides were able to separate again?
Lactose, the sugar found in milk, is composed of one molecule of glucose bonded to one molecule of
galactose. Sucrose and lactose are isomers of one another. Disaccharides all = C12 H22 O11.
Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made up of long chains of monosaccharides. Hamburger buns
and french fries contain a polysaccharide known as starch. When you digest the starch in hamburger buns
and fries you convert it to glucose, which you then use as an energy source.
If more monosaccharides were added to the disaccharide above what would we call
the resulting new longer molecule?…not a disaccharide, but a _____________________
2. Glycerols and Fatty Acids:
THE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP LIPIDS
Glycerol
C3 H8 O3
Fatty Acid
C8 H15 O2
saturated fatty acid (left)
unsaturated fatty acid (right)
Fat molecules are made from fatty acids and glycerol. There are many types of fatty acid molecules
called lipids. A lipid found in beef fat is C57 H110 O6 (i.e. it is very “saturated” with hydrogens)… is
very hard for our digestive enzymes to break it apart. It is a long molecule that can get “stuck” in
our blood vessels. This can lead to narrowed blood vessels, heart attacks, and strokes. The
difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats is how protected the long chains of carbons
are…you can see how an enzyme could get in close to break apart some carbon bonds in the
unsaturated fat above, but not in the saturated fat…all of the carbons in the saturated fat are
protected by hydrogens.
3. AMINO ACIDS:THE MONOMERS THAT MAKE UP PROTEINS
Alanine
C3 NH7 O2
Valine
C5 NH11 O2
Proteins are essential to life. They provide structure for tissue and organs, and the carry out
cellular metabolism (how cells use energy!). The basic building blocks of proteins are called amino
acids. There are 20 different amino acids, such as alanine and valine. These 20 building blocks,
chain together to make 1000’s of different proteins. The type of protein (what it is able to do) is
determined by which amino acids are present and what shape the molecule forms when it is
folded.
When amino acids bond to one another, they are known as peptides. Many amino acids bonded to
one another are known as a polypeptide (“poly” means “many”). The bond that connects any two
amino acids together is called a peptide bond.
There is also another macromolecule which we will talk about later: Nucleic
acids!!!! (such as DNA and RNA)
Molecular Models Check sheet
Name:_____________________________
Pd.____
Date:___________________
1. Models successfully built: (teacher initials must be on each) Glucose _____
Fructose _____
2. What is galactose?______________________________________________________________________
3. What is an isomer?_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Model successfully built: (teacher initials must be on each) Sucrose _______
5. What is a disaccharide?_______________________________________________________________
6. What is dehydration synthesis?________________________________________________________
7. What is hydrolysis?__________________________________________________________________
8. What is lactose?_____________________________________________________________________
9. What sugar is lactose an isomer of?________________________
10. What are Polysaccharides?________________________________________________________
11. If more monosaccharides were added to a disaccharide what would we call the resulting new longer
molecule?…not a disaccharide, but a _____________________ (hint: look at number 10.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Models successfully built (teacher initials on each) saturated fatty acid____ unsaturated fatty acid ___
13. Fat molecules are made from ______________________ and ____________________
14. What are lipids?___________________________________________________________________
15. What is the difference the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16.
17.
18.
19.
. Models successfully built: (teacher initials on each) Alanine_____
Valine _____
Why are proteins essential for life?___________________________________________________
the basic building blocks of proteins are _____________ _____________ and there are _____.
The macromolecules we will study later are the ______________ ______________
Molecular Models Check sheet
Name:_____________________________
Pd.____
Date:___________________
1. Models successfully built: (teacher initials must be on each) Glucose _____
Fructose _____
2. What is galactose?______________________________________________________________________
3. What is an isomer?_____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
4. Model successfully built: (teacher initials must be on each) Sucrose _______
5. What is a disaccharide?_______________________________________________________________
6. What is dehydration synthesis?________________________________________________________
7. What is hydrolysis?__________________________________________________________________
8. What is lactose?_____________________________________________________________________
9. What sugar is lactose an isomer of?________________________
10. What are Polysaccharides?________________________________________________________
11. If more monosaccharides were added to a disaccharide what would we call the resulting new longer
molecule?…not a disaccharide, but a _____________________ (hint: look at number 10.)
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
12. Models successfully built (teacher initials on each) saturated fatty acid____ unsaturated fatty acid ___
13. Fat molecules are made from ______________________ and ____________________
14. What are lipids?___________________________________________________________________
15. What is the difference the difference between saturated fats and unsaturated fats? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
16.
17.
18.
19.
Models successfully built: (teacher initials on each) Alanine_____
Valine _____
Why are proteins essential for life?___________________________________________________
the basic building blocks of proteins are _____________ _____________ and there are _____.
The macromolecules we will study later are the ______________ ______________