basic biochemistry - Personal Webspace for QMUL
... 2: The phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate The loss of the phosphate creates pyruvate in an unstable enol form The free-energy released on the rearrangement of pyruvate to its more stable ketone form is more than is needed to produce ATP REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis regulation reflects ...
... 2: The phosphoenolpyruvate to pyruvate The loss of the phosphate creates pyruvate in an unstable enol form The free-energy released on the rearrangement of pyruvate to its more stable ketone form is more than is needed to produce ATP REGULATION OF GLYCOLYSIS Glycolysis regulation reflects ...
PFK-2
... • Glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors derived from muscle, adipose tissue: pyruvate and lactate (60%), amino acids (20%), glycerol (20%) ...
... • Glucose is synthesized from non-carbohydrate precursors derived from muscle, adipose tissue: pyruvate and lactate (60%), amino acids (20%), glycerol (20%) ...
Trans Fatty Acids
... • Activity of 12-P LOX is suppressed by all cis–trans fatty acids used • Cycloxygenase/thromboxane synthase activity is significantly inhibited by polyunsaturated fattyacids. • Trans fatty acids may modify the activity of receptors and other membrane proteins. ...
... • Activity of 12-P LOX is suppressed by all cis–trans fatty acids used • Cycloxygenase/thromboxane synthase activity is significantly inhibited by polyunsaturated fattyacids. • Trans fatty acids may modify the activity of receptors and other membrane proteins. ...
Organic Compounds
... • Types include: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids, waxes – Neutral fats: most abundant type of lipid 3 Fatty Acids + glycerol • Simplest lipid = fatty acid ...
... • Types include: neutral fats, phospholipids, steroids, carotenoids, waxes – Neutral fats: most abundant type of lipid 3 Fatty Acids + glycerol • Simplest lipid = fatty acid ...
Anorexia Nervosa Anorexia Nervosa
... Water: can be transported passively (osmosis, which is solute-driven) or actively (by water-carrying proteins) -Action of OSMOTIC LAXATIVES eg. mannitol: solute-driven absorption disrupted by insoluble sugar - therefore great volumes of water don’t get absorbed ...
... Water: can be transported passively (osmosis, which is solute-driven) or actively (by water-carrying proteins) -Action of OSMOTIC LAXATIVES eg. mannitol: solute-driven absorption disrupted by insoluble sugar - therefore great volumes of water don’t get absorbed ...
Liver glycogen constitutes a reserve of glucose for the
... by gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors: lactate, propionate, glycerol, pyruvate, gluconeogenic amino acids. The contribution of gluconeogensis to meeting glucose requirements clearly depends on the amount of carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine, w ...
... by gluconeogenesis, which is the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate precursors: lactate, propionate, glycerol, pyruvate, gluconeogenic amino acids. The contribution of gluconeogensis to meeting glucose requirements clearly depends on the amount of carbohydrates absorbed from the intestine, w ...
Regulation of Hepatic Triacylglycerol Synthesis and Lipoprotein
... triacylglycerol in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) is impaired. If the increased synthesis of triacylglycerol results in a greater secretion of VLDL, then this implies that the flux of cholesterol into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) should also be increased. This is because cholesterol is secret ...
... triacylglycerol in very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) is impaired. If the increased synthesis of triacylglycerol results in a greater secretion of VLDL, then this implies that the flux of cholesterol into low-density lipoprotein (LDL) should also be increased. This is because cholesterol is secret ...
I-1 I. Introduction BIOCHEMISTRY = METABOLISM At first you may
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
... The processing of acetyl CoA occurs by a cyclic reaction sequence alternatively called the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA cycle), Citric Acid Cycle or the Krebs' Cycle (regrettably to be confused with the Krebs’ Urea Cycle, that was actually discovered first). In this cycle the two carbon acetyl por ...
QUIZ #4 LIPID STRUCTURES AND METABOLISM
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
... You have two 6-carbon compounds; one is glucose and the other is caproic acid (6:0). If both are complexely oxidized to CO2 and H2O, what is the ratio of their potential maximum ATPs generated? a. Glucose yields 38 ATP where as caproic acid yields 28 ATP b. Glucose yields 28 ATP where as caproic aci ...
Organic Chemistry IB
... The basic structure of the amino acids is common. There are 22 different protein-making amino acids, though only 20 are coded for in genetic code. Each has its own unique R-group. Some are polar, others non-polar and their different properties determine their interactions and the shape of the final ...
... The basic structure of the amino acids is common. There are 22 different protein-making amino acids, though only 20 are coded for in genetic code. Each has its own unique R-group. Some are polar, others non-polar and their different properties determine their interactions and the shape of the final ...
Glycolysis Citric Acid Cycle Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
... many different tissues (like muscle) when lactate is formed from glucose during oxygen debt. Glucose → 2 Lactates Provides: 2 ATP from glycolysis The second half of the cycle converts lactate back into glucose. This takes place in the liver when plenty of oxygen (and energy) is available. 2 Lactates ...
... many different tissues (like muscle) when lactate is formed from glucose during oxygen debt. Glucose → 2 Lactates Provides: 2 ATP from glycolysis The second half of the cycle converts lactate back into glucose. This takes place in the liver when plenty of oxygen (and energy) is available. 2 Lactates ...
Macromolecule Molecular Structure Carbohydrates
... drawing, except that in the complete glycogen molecule there are 12 layers whereas for simplicity only 5 are shown in the drawing: The essential features of this general structure are that each B-chain has two branch points, and all chains have the same length, as the experiments showed that the mat ...
... drawing, except that in the complete glycogen molecule there are 12 layers whereas for simplicity only 5 are shown in the drawing: The essential features of this general structure are that each B-chain has two branch points, and all chains have the same length, as the experiments showed that the mat ...
The Citric Acid Cycle - Alfred State College
... • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three major stages: - acetyl CoA production - acetyl CoA oxidation - electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation ...
... • Provides more energy (ATP) from glucose than glycolysis • Also captures energy stored in lipids and amino acids • Used by animals, plants, and many microorganisms • Occurs in three major stages: - acetyl CoA production - acetyl CoA oxidation - electron transfer and oxidative phosphorylation ...
Problem set #3 Answers 1. The 3 main links between lipid synthesis
... Insulin is a protein hormone that never enters the target cell. Insulin binds to its receptor protein on skeletal muscle cell membranes and liver cell membranes and initiates the cascade that results in irs-1 formation. irs-1 is the second messenger for Insulin. irs-1 stimulates the transport of glu ...
... Insulin is a protein hormone that never enters the target cell. Insulin binds to its receptor protein on skeletal muscle cell membranes and liver cell membranes and initiates the cascade that results in irs-1 formation. irs-1 is the second messenger for Insulin. irs-1 stimulates the transport of glu ...
Nutrition
... 2) In the liver, the amine group from glutamic acid is removed in the form of ammonia (NH3) and combined with CO2 to form urea a) this process is known as deamination b) the urea is then excreted into the blood where it is filtered out by the kidneys and released in urine c) deaminated amino acids m ...
... 2) In the liver, the amine group from glutamic acid is removed in the form of ammonia (NH3) and combined with CO2 to form urea a) this process is known as deamination b) the urea is then excreted into the blood where it is filtered out by the kidneys and released in urine c) deaminated amino acids m ...
General clinical situations
... hypotonia and seizures. Disorders of glucose, protein and fat breakdown (intermediary metabolism) in the neonatal period typically have an asymptomatic interval, with clinical manifestations from the second day of life onwards (“intoxication type”), although hyperammonaemia in particular may presen ...
... hypotonia and seizures. Disorders of glucose, protein and fat breakdown (intermediary metabolism) in the neonatal period typically have an asymptomatic interval, with clinical manifestations from the second day of life onwards (“intoxication type”), although hyperammonaemia in particular may presen ...
Biochemistry: Monomers and Polymers
... • Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose – It serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. – The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body. ...
... • Glycogen is a highly branched polysaccharide of glucose – It serves as a form of energy storage in animals and fungi. – The polysaccharide structure represents the main storage form of glucose in the body. ...
Theory21_30
... Use the following information to answer Questions 28-29 The following enzymes (A-E) are all involved in the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose: ...
... Use the following information to answer Questions 28-29 The following enzymes (A-E) are all involved in the synthesis of fatty acids from glucose: ...
4. Liver and Gall Bladder
... excess glucose is converted to fatty acids and triglycerides • Excess amino acids are converted to glucose and fatty acids • Excess fatty acids are assembled as triglycerides All nutrients surplus to requirements are converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue Reading: Sta ...
... excess glucose is converted to fatty acids and triglycerides • Excess amino acids are converted to glucose and fatty acids • Excess fatty acids are assembled as triglycerides All nutrients surplus to requirements are converted to fatty acids and stored as triglycerides in adipose tissue Reading: Sta ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism - Richest energy source
... acetyl CoA molecules, 7 FADH2’s and 7 NADH’s - The Fate of acetyl CoA is 1) Enter Krebs cycle 2) form a ketone body (next chapter) 3) Used to reform fatty acids ** to answer questions, the book often just gives the name of the fatty acid, the structures are on ...
... acetyl CoA molecules, 7 FADH2’s and 7 NADH’s - The Fate of acetyl CoA is 1) Enter Krebs cycle 2) form a ketone body (next chapter) 3) Used to reform fatty acids ** to answer questions, the book often just gives the name of the fatty acid, the structures are on ...
CHAPTER 26: Lipid Metabolism
... acetyl CoA molecules, 7 FADH2’s and 7 NADH’s - The Fate of acetyl CoA is 1) Enter Krebs cycle 2) form a ketone body (next chapter) 3) Used to reform fatty acids ** to answer questions, the book often just gives the name of the fatty acid, the structures are on ...
... acetyl CoA molecules, 7 FADH2’s and 7 NADH’s - The Fate of acetyl CoA is 1) Enter Krebs cycle 2) form a ketone body (next chapter) 3) Used to reform fatty acids ** to answer questions, the book often just gives the name of the fatty acid, the structures are on ...
Biochemistry PP
... form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together) – For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to join the 2 monomers together. – It is a building up process, going from simple to more ...
... form polymers is called Dehydration synthesis (removing water, putting together) – For each bond, a water molecule needs to be pulled out to join the 2 monomers together. – It is a building up process, going from simple to more ...
Glyceroneogenesis
Glyceroneogenesis is a metabolic pathway which synthesizes glycerol 3-phosphate or triglyceride from precursors other than glucose. Usually glycerol 3-phosphate is generated from glucose by glycolysis, but when glucose concentration drops in the cytosol, it is generated by another pathway called glyceroneogenesis. Glyceroneogenesis uses pyruvate, alanine, glutamine or any substances from the TCA cycle as precursors for glycerol 3-phophate. Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPC-K), which is an enzyme that catalyses the decarboxylation of oxaloacetate to phosphoenolpyruvate is the main regulator for this pathway. Glyceroneogenesis can be observed in adipose tissue and also liver. It is a significant biochemical pathway which regulates cytosolic lipid levels. Intense suppression of glyceroneogenesis may lead to metabolic disorder such as type 2 diabetes.