Download FJCL State Latin Forum 2006

REGIONAL LATIN FORUM 2007
ADVANCED GRAMMAR
N.B. There are no macrons on this test
I. Choose the word that does NOT belong grammatically.
1.
a. canis
b. mons
c. finis
d. pons
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are normal i-stem nouns; a is an i-stem that does not have the regular i-stem genitive plural
ending, -ium, but -um instead.
Analysis: See Allen and Greenough, §§66-78 for copious information about i-stem nouns. Section 78 lists the
following nouns as ones that have their genitive plural ending as -um: always - canis, iuvenis, ambages, mare,
volucris; regularly – sedes, vates; sometimes – apis, caedes, clades, mensis, strues, suboles.
2.
a. instar
b. pro
c. sine
d. prae
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are prepositions; a is a noun (an indeclinable one).
3.
a. facilis
b. gracilis
c. humilis
d. nobilis
Answer: d
Reason: a, b, and c all make their superlative forms by using -limus, -lima, -limum on the present stem; d makes its
superlative the normal way with -issimus, -issima, -issimum.
Analysis: There are six adjectives with stems ending in l that make their superlatives like this: facilis, difficilis,
similis, dissimilis, humilis, et gracilis. These six should be memorized.
4.
a. credo
b. servo
c. parco
d. pareo
Answer: b
Reason: a, c, and d generate a dative object, not an accusative direct object, like b.
Analysis: The following verbs that typically generate a dative object instead of an accusative direct object
should be memorized:
5.
a. amicus
b. cupidus
c. idoneus
d. gratus
Answer: b
Reason: a, c, and d are adjectives that lead to the expectation of a dative noun; b leads to a genitive.
Analysis: Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with adjectives
leading to the expectation of particular noun cases.
6.
a. pati
b. amplecti
c. sequi
d. profecti
Answer: d
Reason: a, b, and c are infinitives; d is a perfect active participle.
Analysis: pati is the second part of patior, amplecti of amplector, and sequi of sequor. That makes them all
present, active, infinitives (in this case, of deponent verbs). The dictionary entry that generates profecti is
proficiscor, proficisci, profectus sum, making answer d a perfect active participle (active because it comes
from a deponent verb).
7.
a. euntis
b. amandis
c. lapsis
d. currentibus
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d have endings that are either dative or ablative plural; a has a genitive singular ending.
Analysis:
a: euntis – Remember: “In the middle, -nt- equals ‘-ing’.” euntis is a preseNT active participle from
eo, and all present active participles use third-declension endings; therefore, the -is is genitive
singular. The only participle that uses third-declension endings is the present active participle.
b: amandis – Remember: “In the middle, -nd- equals ‘-ing’.” amandis is a geruNDive (a future
passive participle) from amo, and all gerundives use first- and second-declension endings;
therefore, the -is is dative or ablative plural.
c: lapsis – comes from the last part of the dictionary entry of the verb labor, labi, lapsus. That makes
lapsis a perfect active participle; therefore, the -is is dative or ablative plural.
d. currentibus – Remember: “In the middle, -nt- equals ‘-ing’.” currentibus is a preseNT active
participle from curro, and all present active participles use third-declension endings; therefore,
the -ibus is dative or ablative plural.
8.
a. libet
b. lubet
c. laedet
d. grandinat
Answer: c
Reason: a, b, and d are impersonal verbs; c is not.
Analysis: Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with impersonal
verbs.
9.
a. quivi
b. perdi
c. flecti
d. sterni
Answer: a
Reason: b, c, and d are present passive infinitives; a is a first-person perfect indicative active form.
Analysis:
a: quivi – comes from queo, quire, quivi, quitus – be able. As the third principle part, it is the firstperson perfect indicative active form of the verb.
b, c, d: perdi, flecti, and sterni are the present passive infinitives of a third-conjugation verb.
10.
a. manubiae
b. tenebrae
c. epulae
d. lanae
Answer: d
Reason: a, b, and c are defective nouns with no singular forms; d is normal.
Analysis: Many Latin nouns lack singular forms. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for
an article which deals with irregular nouns.
II. Choose the best translation for the underlined word or words or the best
answer to fill in the blank provided.
11. We often learn best by teaching.
a. docente
b. docto
c. docendo
d. docturo
Answer: c
Reason: “by teaching” in English requires an ablative gerund in Latin.
Analysis:
a: docente – Remember: “In the middle, -nt- equals ‘-ing’.” This form is a preseNT active participle.
b: docto – comes from the last part of the dictionary entry. This form is a perfect passive participle.
c: docendo – Remember: “In the middle, -nd- equals ‘-ing’.” docendo is a geruND in the ablative
case.
d. docturo – This form is a futURe active participle.
12. Ego __________ magnopere aestimo.
a. tua amicitia
b. tuis amicitiis
c. tuae amicitiae
d. tuam amicitiam
Answer: c
Reason: I cannot give a good reason for this item. I believe that it is in error.
Analysis: I think that this question was supposed to test knowledge of Genitive of Value (a subset of Genitive of
Quality). The sentence should read as follows: Ego tuam amicitiam magni aestimo – “I appraise your
friendship of great value.” Verbs of evaluation and estimation (aestimo, duco, habeo, facio) generate a
genitive to designate either non-specific worth or worthlessness. When the value or price for something is
known and specific, use the Ablative of Price.
13. We must always obey our parents.
a. parentes
b. parentibus
c. a parentibus
d. parentum
Answer: b
Reason: “obey” in English will be rendered in Latin with a form of pareo, which generates a dative object and not
an accusative direct object.
Analysis: The following verbs that typically generate a dative object instead of an accusative direct object
should be memorized:
14. Let's go to Rome at dawn.
a. Imus ad Romam prima luce.
b. Eamus Romam primā luce.
c. Eamus ad Romam primā lege.
d. Eamus Romam multā luce.
Answer: b
Reason: Answer b properly renders “Let’s go” with the Hortatory Subjunctive form eamus; it properly renders “to
Rome” with the Accusative of Place to which form Romam; it properly renders “at dawn” with the Ablative of
Time When form prima luce.
Analysis: (1) When you see “let’s,” “let us,” or “may we” in English, you need the Hortatory Subjunctive. The
hortatory subjunctive is the first person plural of the present subjunctive. For eo, the form is eamus. (2) With
names of towns, small islands, domus and rus, place to which is expressed by the accusative without a
preposition. (3) Time when is expressed by the ablative without a preposition.
15. Heri nimis ___________ erat ut ederemus.
a. cibum
b. cibo
c. cibus
d. cibi
Answer: d
Reason: The appearance of nimis may lead to the expectation of a genitive noun.
Analysis: Some neuter adjectives (like multum - much, many; plurimum - much, many; maximum - most; paulum a little bit; minus - very little; tantum - of such size, so great, so much; quantum - how great, how much),
pronouns (id - it; quid - anything, what thing?; aliquid - anything, something), and nouns (plus - more; nihil nothing) in the nominative and accusative and some adverbs (satis - enough; parum - too little, not enough;
nimis - too much; ubi - where; ubicumque - everywhere) lead to the expectation of a Partitive Genitive. E.g.,
tantum spati - so much [of] space; aliquid nummorum - some money (something of coins); quid novi - what
news (what of new); satis frumentari - enough [of] grain; ubicumque terrarum - everywhere on earth.
16. I know that this has happened.
a. facturum esse
b. factum esse
c. faciendum esse
d. fecisse
Answer: b
Reason: The perfect infinitive of fio is required to complete the sentence.
Analysis: The Verb of the Head “I know” when put into Latin would generate an Indirect Statement (an accusative
and infinitive construction). The tense of the infinitive would have to indicate action completed before the
time of the main verb; the perfect infinitive is required.
a: Because of the -ur-, this infinitive is futURe—not what we need unless the sentence were something
like “I know that this is going to happen.”
b: This is the correct form.
c: Remember: “-nd- plus ‘to be’ shows necessity.” We would need this if the sentence were
something like “I know that this must happen.”
d: This is a perfect active infinitive. We would need this if the sentence were something like “I know
that I have done this.”
17. Ea ________ petit ut se iuves.
a. te
b. tibi
c. tui
d. a te
Answer: d
Reason: When it generates an Indirect Command (Substantive Result Clause), peto indicates the person addressed
by the ablative case with the preposition a, ab.
Analysis: List of them from the Green Jenney Book here.
18. The soldier did not pity the enemy.
a. hostis
b. hosti
c. hostem
d. hoste
Answer: a
Reason: The most likely Latin for the English “The soldier did not pity the enemy” would use miseret, which leads
to the expectation of a genitive of the object of pity.
Analysis: Some expressions of feeling or emotion use an impersonal verb, putting the one affected in the accusative
and the source of the feeling in the genitive. Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an
article which deals with impersonal verbs.
19. This test is not difficult, since we have studied so diligently.
a. quoniam studuimus
b. cum studuissemus
c. quoniam studuissemus
d. cum studuerimus
Answer: a
Reason: When a reason is given on the authority of the speaker, the usual clause marker is quoniam, and the usual
mood of the verb is indicative.
Analysis: In my mind, there is a fine distinction between “cause” and “reason.” In instances where the reason for
something is given, use quoniam. cum used causally has more of the effect of “at a time when this was the
case, this other thing happened” where the first seems to have caused the second. The tested item gives the
alleged reason behind something. A&G says that the use of quoniam with the subjunctive is unclassical (§540,
2, a, note).
20. It began to rain while you were leaving the city.
a. dum discedebas
b. dum discederes
c. dum discedis
d. donec discedebas
Answer: c
Reason: dum plus the present tense indicates action happening at the same time as the main verb.
Analysis: Allen and Greenough (§556) says that dum - while functions with the present indicative to denote
continued action in past time. Read up on that section and the previous ones dealing with dum and donec.
21. Who is so foolish as to not love the Latin language.
a. ne
b. quin
c. quominus
d. num
Answer: b
Reason: A clause of result or characteristic may be introduced by quin after a general negative, where quin is
equivalent to qui non (A&G 559).
22. Milites properaverunt ___________ pontem munirent.
a. quod celerius
b. quo celerius
c. quo celeriore
d. quam celeriore
Answer: b
Reason: Allen and Greenough, §531, 2, a: The ablative quo (= ut eo) is used as a conjunction in final clauses which
contain a comparative.
23. Six months ago I left for Italy.
a. sex mensibus
b. sex menses
c. abhinc sex mensibus
d. sex ante mensibus
Answer: d
Reason: I cannot give a good reason for this item. I believe that it is in error.
Analysis: If any answer is correct, it is answer c. Refer to Allen and Greenough, §424, f.
24. When the signal was given, the cohort advanced as quickly as possible.
a. signis datis...quam celeriter
b. signi dati...quam celerrimum
c. signo dato...quam celerrimum
d. signo dato...quam celerrime
Answer: d
Reason: “When the signal was given” would be rendered in Latin as an Ablative Absolute; “as quickly as possible”
would be rendered as quam plus the superlative adverb.
Analysis: Check with the Grammar page of the WSHSLATIN wiki for an article which deals with the Ablative
Absolute. But even if you don’t know about the Ablative Absolute, the only answer that properly renders the
second element is answer d.
25. Marcus Tullius Cicero veritus est ne Catilina rem publicam delere posset.
a. that he could destroy
b. that he could not destroy
c. that he would destroy
d. that he would not destroy
Answer: a
Reason: Fearing Clauses have clause markers that are reversed from what you might think, and possum deals with
ability, not potential.
Analysis: You have to know that veritus est comes from vereor - fear. If you know that, then you must remember
that the thing you fear happening is introduced by ne, while the thing you fear not happening is introduced by
ut. You also have to know that possum means “be able, can.”
26. The father said that his son would be like him.
a. futurum esse...eum
b. fuisse...sibi
c. futurum esse...sui
d. fuisse...ei
Answer: c
Reason: The tense of the infinitive must indicate a time later than the main verb; the pronoun must reflect the
subject (the father), not the object (the son).
Analysis: The Verb of the Head in the main clause will generate an Indirect Statement (an Accusative-Infinitive
Construction). The tense of the infinitive is relative to the tense of the main verb. Since “would” indicates a
time after that of the main verb, the correct answer must have a future infinitive. That leaves answers a and c.
The most likely Latin for “like” would be similis. That word generates a dative of the thing something is like,
a genitive of the person. Of the two left, sui is genitive. Also, sui is a reflexive pronoun, indicating the
subject, while eum indicates someone other than the subject.
27. They travelled to Rome to see their family.
a. ut vident
b. visum
c. ne viderent
d. videndi sunt
Answer: b
Reason: Of all of the constructions that denote purpose, only the Accusative Supine with a Verb of Motion is present.
Analysis:
a: The clause marker would be permissible; however, in order to denote purpose (and be a Purpose
Clause / Adverbial Purpose Clause / Pure Purpose Clause), the verb would have to be in the
subjunctive mood. ut with the indicative mood translates well as “as, when.”
b: This is the accusative of the supine of video. This form denotes purpose in the presence of a
governing verb of motion where the motion is either explicit or implied.
c: This could be a Purpose Clause, but the clause marker ne would translate as “not to see their
family.”
d: Remember: “-nd- plus ‘to be’ shows necessity.” There is no impression of necessity in this item.
28. For many years I have been living in Athens, but now desire to return home.
a. multi anni...Athenis...domi
b. multos annos...Athenas...domo
c. multis annis...Athenis...domum
d. multos annos...Athenis...domum
Answer: d
Reason: Answer d is the only one that features an Accusative of Duration of Time, the Locative Case, and the Accusative of
Motion Toward.
29. Decimo die me in forum sequere.
a. be followed!
b. you are followed
c. to follow
d. you will follow
Answer: d
Reason: The underlined form employs the temporal infix for the third conjugation; the verb sequor is deponent; and
the personal ending on the verb is an alternative to -ris.
Analysis: To get this question right, you must know that sequor is a deponent verb; therefore, it can never generate
a form that will be in the passive voice in English translation. That eliminates answers a and b. Additionally,
a deponent verb’s infinitive does not use the active infinitive ending -re. So, by process of elimination, you
could choose answer d even if you do not know that the second-person singular passive ending -ris has an
alternative in -re.
a: This form is impossible for a deponent verb.
b: This form is impossible for a deponent verb.
c: This form would be the second part of the dictionary entry of the verb (sequi).
d: This form uses the correct stem (sequ-), future tense marker (-e-), and a second-person singular
ending (-re).
30. If Hippomenes should run quickly, he would then win the race.
a. currit
b. curret
c. currat
d. curreret
Answer: c
Reason: In a Should-Would Conditional Clause (Future Less Vivid) both verbs are in the Present Subjunctive.
Analysis: A question on a future less vivid condition is always welcome, as would be any subjunctive conditional
question. There are three classes of subjunctive conditions: (1) future less vivid; (2) present contrary-to-fact;
and (3) past contrary-to-fact.
(1) Future less vivid: The subordinate, “if” part of the clause (technically called the protasis) and the main
clause (technically called the apodosis) both will have verbs in the present subjunctive.
(2) Present contrary-to-fact: The verbs in the protasis and the apodosis are imperfect subjunctive, which in
all circumstances is the present active infinitive plus a personal ending.
(3) Past contrary-to-fact: The protasis and apodosis both must have pluperfect subjunctive verbs, formed by
adding a personal ending to the perfect infinitive.
a: currit is a present indicative form (used in Simple Present Conditions)
b: curret is a future indicative form (used in Future More Vivid Conditions)
c: currat uses the theme-vowel shift that marks the present subjunctive (think: Let’s eat caviar)
d: curreret is an imperfect subjunctive form (i.e., the present active infinitive with a personal ending)
(used in a Past Contrary-To-Fact Condition)
31. My friends are about to give me a gift.
a. dantes
b. daturus
Answer:
32. Iudices __________ ignoscere non volunt.
a. illo
b. illi
33. Would that I were the king of the world!
a. Utinam ne sim rex mundi!
b. Utinam sim rex mundi!
c. Utinam essem rex mundi!
d. Utinam ne essem rex mundi!
34. Nos speramus te ____________ bene in schola.
c. dandi sunt
d. daturi sunt
c. illius
d. illum
a. agere
b. acturum esse c. actum esse
d. egisse
III. Answer the questions that follow.
35. Which of the following verbs is iterative?
a. calesco
b. algeo
36. Which of these nouns is a diptote?
a. fors
b. iugera
c. esurio
d. iacto
c. ambage
37. Which of the following is not a use of the Genitive case?
a. separation
b. specification c. material
d. glos
d. charge
38. Which of these is an adverbial?
a. bis
b. bini
c. duplex
d. duo
39. The noun lepus is
a. a heteroclite
c. heterogeneous
d. a triptote
b. epicene
40. The verbs interest and refert are followed by
a. an infinitive
b. an accusative c. an ablative
d. a genitive
CONTINUED ON THE NEXT PAGE
2007 Regional – Advanced Grammar – 4
IV. Questions 41-50 are based on the following passage from Livy
Brutus, illis luctu occupatis, cultrum ex vulnere Lucretiae extractum manantem
crurore prae se tenens, "Per hunc," inquit, "castissimum ante regiam iniuriam sanguinem
iuro, vosque, di, testes facio me L. Tarquinium Superbum cum scelerata coniuge et omni liberorum stirpe ferro igni
quacumque dehinc vi possim exsecuturum, nec illos nec alium quemquam regnare Romae passurum." Cultrum
deinde Collatino tradit, inde Lucretio ac 5
Valerio, stupentibus miraculo rei, unde novum in Bruti pectore ingenium. Ut praeceptum erat iurant; totique ab
luctu versi in iram, Brutum iam inde ad expugnandum regnum
vocantem sequuntur ducem.
41. Which of the following is not an ablative use illustrated in line 1?
a. absolute
b. origin
c. means
d. place from which
42. The best translation of manantem crurore (lines 1,2) is
a. for dripping blood
b. with dripping blood
c. dripping with blood
d. with a drip of blood
43. What does hunc (line 2) refer to?
a. sanguinem
b. luctu
c. cultrum
44. What does Brutus swear upon in line 3?
a. the gods
b. the injury
c. blood
45. The word me in line 3 refers to
a. Brutus
c. the injured spouse
b. Tarquinius Superbus
d. the king
46. The subjunctive clause found in line 4 is a(n)
a. indirect command
c. relative clause of characteristic
b. indirect question
d. a relative clause of result
47. The case of Romae in line 5 is
a. ablative
b. locative
c. genitive
d. dative
48. According to line 6 the men were
a. surprised
b. outraged
c. saddened
d. intent
d. se
d. the king
49. According to line 7, after the men swore the oath,
a. all of them turned from mourning into anger.
b. all of them wanted to kill the king.
c. all of them wanted to kill Superbus.
d. all of them turned around and left for Rome.
50. The phrase ad expugnandum regnum is a(n) ____________ expressing purpose.
a. gerundive
b. adverbial clause
c. supine
d. passive periphrastic