Download class2-80 - St. Charles Preparatory School

Review of Result Clauses
(page 334)
1. In English the verb in a clause of result is expressed by the indicative mood because a result
is something that actually happened. A fact is stated. In Latin the verb is in the subjunctive
mood, and the clause, whether affirmative or negative, is introduced by ut. In a negative clause
the negative adverb non is placed before the verb. In the English translation the auxiliary verbs
may, might, should, would are never used.
2. In Latin as in English, some word in the main clause serves as a warning indicator that a
result clause is coming. Ita and sic, both of which mean so, are usually used with verbs.
Tam, also meaning so, is used with adjectives and adverbs. Tantus, so great, talis, such, and tot,
so many, are adjectives.
Romani tam fortiter pugnaverunt ut hostes superarent.
The Romans fought so bravely that they overcame the enemy.
Numerus hostium erat tantus ut Romani eos non superarent.
The number of the enemy was so great that the Romans did not overcome them.
Review of Clauses Expressing Purpose
(Page 321)
1. In English when we say: He comes to school to study, the infinitive expresses the purpose
of his coming. Instead of an infinitive in a simple sentence, we may use a clause in a complex
sentence: He comes to school in order that he may study.
2. In Latin prose we do not use an infinitive to express purpose. We must use a subordinate
clause introduced by ut if the clause is positive; by ne, if negative. After verbs meaning
choose, send, or leave, purpose may be expressed by a relative clause. The antecedent of the
relative pronoun (qui quae quod)is usually the object of the main verb.
Pugnant ut vincant. They fight to conquer
(in order that they may conquer).
Pugnant ne vincantur. They fight in order not to be conquered
(in order that they may not be conquered; lest they may be conquered).
Nuntios qui haec dicant mittimus. We are sending messengers to say these things
(who may (shall) say these things).
Review of the Sequence of Tense Rules for the Subjunctive Mood
(Page 341)
SEQUENCE
IF THE MAIN VERB IS:
THE SUBORDINATE CLAUSE USES:
Primary
present
future
future perfect
1.the present subjunctive
(to express same time as the main verb)
2.the perfect subjunctive
(to express time before that of the main verb)
Secondary
imperfect
perfect
pluperfect
1.the imperfect subjunctive
(to express same time as the main verb)
2. the pluperfect subjunctive
(to express time before that of the main verb)