Download Latin Grammar Clauses Page 1 Latin Subordinate Clauses

Latin Grammar Clauses
Page 1
Latin Subordinate Clauses
*indicates important clause that should be known and understood
*Indirect Statement: A reported statement.
The subject is in the accusative, the verb is in the infinitive.
The tense of the infinitive is relative:
Present infinitive = same time as the main verb;
Perfect infinitive = time before as the main verb;
Future infinitive = time after as the main verb.
Main clause has a verb of saying, knowing, thinking, or perceiving (mental action).
*Purpose clause: Introduced by ut or ne.
Verb is in the present or imperfect subjunctive.
The clause is adverbial: tells why something is done.
*Indirect commands: Introduced by ut or ut non (or other negative).
Verb is in the present or imperfect subjunctive.
The clause serves as the object of special verbs including impero, mando,
persuadeo, suadeo, hortor, moneo, rogo, oro, peto, postulo, quaero, praecipio.
Substantive Result Clause (Noun clauses):
a kind of indirect command which serves:
1. as object of certain verbs (facio and compounds);
2. as subject of impersonal verbs (fit, accidit, mos est, sequitur).
*Result clauses: Gives the result of an action.
Introduced by ut or ut non.
Verb is in the present or imperfect subjunctive.
Main clause has word like sic, tam, ita, adeo talis, tantus, tot, totiens.
*Indirect questions: Introduced by a question word.
Main verb = verb of saying, knowing, thinking, hearing, perceiving (mental action).
Subordinate verb is subjunctive-- see sequence of tenses.
*Relative Clauses: Introduced by qui, quae, quod
Describes a noun or pronoun and is called an adjective clause in English.
Verb is in the indicative; when a relative clause occurs within an indirect
statement, then the verb can be (but does not have to be) subjunctive.
Relative Clause of Purpose: Introduced by qui, quae, quod
Main verb is usually a form of mitto (send) and the antecedent is the noun
(person) sent to do something (who should do something).
Latin Grammar Clauses
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Cum Temporal Clauses: Introduced by cum.
Verb in clause is indicative.
Cum is translated as “when.”
Cum With Subjunctive Verbs:
1. circumstantial: translated as “when:”
- doesn't define but describes the time at which the action of the main verb
happened (only in secondary sequence);
2. causal: translated as “since” or “because:”
- follows sequence of tenses;
3. concessive: translated as “although:”
- look for word like tamen in main clause;
- follows sequence of tenses.
Fear Clauses: Main verb is a verb that means “fear.”
Subordinate clause introduced by ne (“that” or “lest”) or by ut (“that...not”).
Opposite of what you would expect in English.
Doubt clauses: Main verb is dubito or a phrase like dubitum est but in the negative (non
dubito).
Introduced by “quin” (“that”). [If a doubt is positive, it is usually followed by an
indirect question introduced by an (“whether”).]
Relative Characteristic Clause: Introduced by qui, quae, quod.
Verb is subjunctive and follows sequence of tenses.
In the main clause look for an indefinite antecedent needing
“character” or
definition. Look for unus, solus, nemo, quis with est qui or just est/sunt qui.
Causal Clauses: May be introduced by quod, quia, quoniam, quando.
Normally the indicative is used, and it gives a reason for the main clause.
Subjunctive is used to show that the reason given is NOT the writer's reason.