Download Cell Respiration Review 1

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Cellular Respiration Review
1. Complete the following equation, which summarizes the degradative pathway known as aerobic
respiration:
________ + ________ O2
6 ________ + 6 ________ + 38 __________
2.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
Match the term to the correct description.
Starting point for three energy-releasing pathways
Main energy-releasing pathway for ATP formation
Site of glycolysis
Third and final stage of aerobic respiration; high ATP yield
Oxygen is not the final electron acceptor
Catalyze each reaction step in the energy releasing pathways
Second stage of aerobic respiration; pyruvate is broken down into carbon dioxide and water
Site of the second and third stages of the aerobic pathway
The final electron acceptor in aerobic pathways
The energy form that drives metabolic reactions
_____ (1)
_____ (2)
_____ (3)
_____ (4)
_____ (5)
_____ (6)
_____ (7)
_____ (8)
_____ (9)
_____ (10)
3.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Krebs cycle
oxygen
mitochondrion
electron transfer phosphorylation
enzymes
ATP
glycolysis
aerobic respiration
cytoplasm
fermentation pathways and anaerobic electron transport
Label each number of the illustration with the correct description.
__________ __________ of mitochondrion
__________ __________ of mitochondrion
__________ __________ of mitochondrion
__________ __________ of mitochondrion
__________
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
4.
a.
b.
c.
5.
a.
b.
c.
6.
a.
b.
c.
7.
a.
b.
c.
8.
a.
b.
c.
9.
a.
b.
c.
10.
a.
b.
c.
11.
a.
b.
c.
__________
__________
__________
__________
__________ __________ __________
Chemiosmosis occurs to form ATP molecules.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Two carbon atoms in pyruvate leave as two CO2 molecules.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Chemical reactions occur at transfer chains.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Coenzyme A picks up a two-carbon acetyl group.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Makes two turns for each glucose molecule entering glycolysis.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Two NADH molecules form for each glucose entering glycolysis.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Oxaloacetate forms from intermediate molecules.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Named for a scientist who worked out its chemical details.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
12.
a.
b.
c.
13.
a.
b.
c.
14.
a.
b.
c.
15.
a.
b.
c.
16.
a.
b.
c.
Occurs within the mitochondrion.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Two FADH2 and six NADH form from one glucose molecule entering glycolysis.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Hydrogens collect in the mitochondrion's outer compartment.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Hydrogens and electrons are transferred to NAD+ and FAD.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Two ATP molecules form by substrate-level phosphorylation.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
17.
Free oxygen withdraws electrons from the system and then combines with H+ to form water
molecules.
a.
b.
c.
18.
a.
b.
c.
19.
a.
b.
c.
20.
a.
b.
c.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
No ATP is produced.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Thirty-two or thirty-four ATPs are produced.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Delivery point of NADH and FADH2
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
21.
a.
b.
c.
22.
a.
b.
c.
23.
a.
b.
c.
24.
a.
b.
c.
Two pyruvates enter for each glucose molecule entering glycolysis.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
The carbons in the acetyl group leave as CO2.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
One carbon in pyruvate leaves as CO2.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
An electron transfer chain and channel proteins are involved.
preparatory steps to Krebs cycle
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
25.
Fill in the blanks.
If oxygen is not present in sufficient amounts, the end product of glycolysis enters (1) ________
pathways. In some bacteria and muscle cells, pyruvate is converted into such products as (2) ________. In
yeast cells it is converted into (3) ________ and carbon dioxide.
Anaerobic pathways do not use oxygen as the final (4) ________ acceptor that ultimately drives the ATPforming machinery. Anaerobic routes must be used by many bacteria and protistans that live in an
oxygen-free environment. (5) ________ precedes any of the fermentation pathways. During glycolysis, a
glucose molecule is split into two (6) ________ molecules. Two energy-rich (7) ________ intermediate
molecules form, and the net energy yield from one glucose molecule is two ATPs.
In one kind of fermentation pathway, (8) ________ itself accepts hydrogen and electrons from NADH.
Pyruvate is then converted to a three-carbon compound, (9) ________, during this process in a few
species of bacteria and some animal cells. Human muscle cells can carry on lactate fermentation in times
of oxygen depletion; this provides a low yield of ATP.
In yeast cells, each pyruvate molecule from glycolysis forms an intermediate called (10) ________, as a
gas, carbon dioxide, is detached from pyruvate with the help of an enzyme. This intermediate accepts
hydrogen and electrons from NADH and is then converted to (11) ________, the end product of alcoholic
fermentation.
In both types of fermentation pathways, the net energy yield of two ATPs is formed during (12)
________. The reactions of the fermentation chemistry regenerate the (13) ________ needed for
glycolysis to occur.
Anaerobic electron transport is an energy-releasing pathway occurring among the (14) ________. For
example, sulfate-reducing bacteria living in soil or water produce (15) ________ by stripping electrons
from a variety of compounds and sending them through membrane transport systems. The inorganic
compound (16) ________ (SO4=) serves as the final electron acceptor and is converted into foul-smelling
hydrogen sulfide gas (H2S).
1. _________________________
2. _________________________
3. _________________________
4. _________________________
5. _________________________
6. _________________________
7. _________________________
8. _________________________
9. _________________________
10. _________________________
11. _________________________
12. _________________________
13. _________________________
14. _________________________
15. _________________________
16. _________________________
26.
Is the statement true or false? Glucose is the only carbon-containing molecule that can be fed into
the glycolytic pathway.
27.
Is the statement true or false? Simple sugars, fatty acids, and glycerol that remain after a cell's
biosynthetic and storage needs have been met are generally sent to the cell's respiratory pathways for
energy extraction.
28.
Is the statement true or false? Carbon dioxide and water, the products of aerobic respiration,
generally get into the blood and are carried to gills or lungs, kidneys, and skin, where they are expelled
from the animal's body.
29.Identify the process or substance indicated in the illustration below.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
__________ __________
__________
__________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________ __________
__________
30.
Choose the best answer.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
i.
j.
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate
glycogen
fatty acids
triglycerides
PGAL
acetyl-CoA
amino acids
glycerol
proteins
_____ (1)
_____ (2)
_____ (3)
_____ (4)
_____ (5)
_____ (6)
_____ (7)
_____ (8)
_____ (9)
_____ (10)
_____ (11)
_____ (12)
_____ (13)
_____ (14)
_____ (15)
Fats that are broken down between meals or during exercise as alternatives to
glucose
Used between meals when free glucose supply dwindles; enters glycolysis after
conversion
Its breakdown yields much more ATP than glucose
Absorbed in large amounts immediately following a meal
Represents only 1 percent or so of the total stored energy in the body
Following removal of amino groups, the carbon backbones may be converted to
fats or carbohydrates or they may enter the Krebs cycle
On the average, represents 78 percent of the body's stored food
Between meals liver cells can convert it back to free glucose and release it
Can be stored in cells but not transported across plasma membranes
Amino groups undergo conversions that produce urea, a nitrogen-containing waste
product excreted in urine
Converted to PGAL in the liver; a key intermediate of glycolysis
Accumulate inside the fat cells of adipose tissues, at strategic points under the skin
A storage polysaccharide produced from glucose-6-phosphate following food
intake that exceeds cellular energy demand (and increases ATP production to
inhibit glycolysis)
Building blocks of the compounds that represent 21 percent of the body's stored
food
A product resulting from enzymes cleaving circulating fatty acids; enters the Krebs
cycle
31.
Glycolysis would quickly halt if the process ran out of ________, which serves as the hydrogen
and electron acceptor.
a.
b.
c.
d.
32.
a.
b.
c.
d.
ADP
NADP+
NAD+
H2O
The ultimate electron acceptor in aerobic respiration is ________.
carbon dioxide (CO2)
NADH
oxygen (1/2 O2)
ATP
33.
When glucose is used as an energy source, the largest amount of ATP is generated by the
________ portion of the entire respiratory process.
a.
b.
c.
d.
glycolytic pathway
acetyl-CoA formation
Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
34.
The process by which about 10 percent of the energy stored in a sugar molecule is released as it is
converted into two small organic-acid molecules is ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
photolysis
glycolysis
fermentation
the dark reactions
35.
During which of the following phases of respiration is ATP produced directly by substrate-level
phosphorylation?
a.
b.
c.
d.
glycolysis
Krebs cycle
both a and b
neither a nor b
36.
What is the name of the process by which reduced NADH transfers electrons along a chain of
acceptors to oxygen so as to form water and in which the energy released along the way is used to
generate ATP?
a.
b.
c.
d.
37.
a.
b.
c.
d.
38.
a.
b.
c.
d.
glycolysis
acetyl-CoA formation
the Krebs cycle
electron transfer phosphorylation
Pyruvic acid can be regarded as the end product of ________.
glycolysis
acetyl-CoA formation
fermentation
the Krebs cycle
Which of the following is not ordinarily capable of being reduced at any time?
NAD+
FAD
oxygen, O2
water
39.
ATP production by chemiosmosis involves ________.
a.
b.
c.
d.
H+ concentration and electric gradients across a membrane
ATP synthases
both a and b
neither a nor b
40.
During the fermentation pathways, a net yield of two ATPs is produced from ________; the
NAD+ necessary for ________ is regenerated during the fermentation reactions.
a.
b.
c.
d.
the Krebs cycle; glycolysis
glycolysis; electron transport phosphorylation
the Krebs cycle; electron transport phosphorylation
glycolysis; glycolysis
41.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Match the following components of respiration to the list of words below.
Glycolysis
preparatory conversions prior to the Krebs cycle
Fermentation
Krebs cycle
electron transport phosphorylation
_____ (1)
_____ (2)
_____ (3)
_____ (4)
_____ (5)
_____ (6)
_____ (7)
_____ (8)
_____ (9)
_____ (10)
lactic acid, lactate
NAD+
NADH
Carbon dioxide is a product
NADH
NAD+
Pyruvate used as a reactant
ATP produced by substrate-level phosphorylation
Glucose
Acetyl-CoA is either a reactant or a product
Oxygen
Water is a product
42.
No matter what the source of energy may be, organisms must convert it to __________, a form of
chemical energy that can drive metabolic reactions.
43.
The main energy-releasing pathway is __________ respiration.
44.
In the first of the three stages of aerobic respiration, one __________ is partially degraded to two
pyruvate molecules.
45.
By the end of the second stage of aerobic respiration, which includes the __________ cycle,
__________ has been completely degraded to carbon dioxide and water.
46.
Do the first two stages of aerobic respiration yield a high or low quantity of ATP?
________________________________________________________________________
47.
The third stage of aerobic respiration is called electron transport __________, which yields many
ATP molecules.
48.
Explain, in general terms, the role of oxygen in aerobic respiration.
______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
49.
Glycolysis occurs in the __________ of the cell.
50.
Four ATP molecules are produced by __________-__________ phosphorylation for every two
used during glycolysis.
51.
Glycolysis produces __________ [number] NADH, __________ [number] ATP (net), and
__________ [number] pyruvate molecules for each glucose molecule entering the reactions.
52.
What happens to the CO2 produced during acetyl-CoA formation and the Krebs cycle?
_________________________________________________________________________
53.
Account for the total net yield of 36 ATP molecules produced through aerobic respiration; that is,
state how many ATPs are produced in glycolysis, the Krebs cycle, and the electron transfer chain.
Glycolysis: ___________________
Krebs Cycle: __________________
Electron Transport: _____________
54.
In fermentation chemistry __________ molecules from glycolysis are accepted to construct either
lactate or ethyl alcohol; thus, a low yield of __________ molecules continues in the absence of oxygen.
55.
State which factors determine whether the pyruvate (pyruvic acid) produced at the end of
glycolysis will enter into the alcoholic fermentation pathway, the lactate fermentation pathway, or the
acetyl-CoA formation pathway.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
56.
List some sources of energy (other than glucose) that can be fed into the respiratory pathways.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
57.
Predict what your body would do to synthesize its needed carbohydrates and fats if you switched
to a diet of 100 percent protein.
____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________________________
Cellular Respiration
Answer Section
SHORT ANSWER
1. ANS:
C6H12O6 + 6O2
2. ANS:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
6CO2 + 6H2O + 38 ATP
g
i
h
d
f
j
a
b
c
e
3-. ANS:
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
ANS:
c
ANS:
a
ANS:
c
ANS:
a
ANS:
b
ANS:
a
ANS:
b
ANS:
b
ANS:
inner compartment of mitochondrion
inner membrane of mitochondrion
outer compartment of mitochondrion
outer membrane of mitochondrion
cytoplasm
ATP
oxygen
FADH2
NADH
electron transfer chain
a, b, c
13. ANS:
b
14. ANS:
c
15. ANS:
a, b
16. ANS:
b
17. ANS:
c
18. ANS:
a
19. ANS:
c
20. ANS:
c
21. ANS:
a
22. ANS:
b
23. ANS:
a
24. ANS:
c
25. ANS:
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
26. ANS:
F
27. ANS:
F
28. ANS:
T
fermentation (anaerobic)
lactate
ethanol
electron
Glycolysis
pyruvate
NADH
pyruvate
lactate
acetaldehyde
ethanol
glycolysis
NAD+
bacteria
ATP
sulfate
29. ANS:
(1) fatty acids
(2) glycerol
(3) glycolysis
(4) amino acids
(5) Krebs cycle
(6) acetyl-CoA formation
(7) pyruvate
30. ANS:
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
ANS:
c
ANS:
c
ANS:
d
ANS:
b
ANS:
c
ANS:
d
ANS:
a
ANS:
d
ANS:
c
ANS:
d
e
c
d
a
c
h
e
c
b
h
i
e
c
h
g
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
67.
ANS:
(1)
c
(2)
a, b, d
(3)
b, c, d
(4)
c, e
(5)
b, c
(6)
a, d
(7)
a
(8)
b, d
(9)
e
(10)
a, e
ANS:
Pyruvic acid.
ANS:
aerobic
ANS:
Glucose molecule
ANS:
Krebs cycle; glucose
ANS:
Low.
ANS:
chain
ANS:
Final electron acceptor
ANS:
cytoplasm.
ANS:
Substrate-level.
ANS:
2; 2; 2
ANS:
It is exhaled as waste.
ANS:
Glycolysis: 2 ATP
Krebs cycle: 2 ATP
ETC: 32-34 ATP
ANS:
Pyruvic acid; ATP
ANS:
The presence of oxygen
ANS:
Proteins and lipids
ANS:
Convert proteins to acetyl co-A