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Class Notes / Textbook Notes Learning Target: 8E1.2 Summarize evidence that Earth’s oceans are a reservoir of nutrients, minerals, dissolved gases, and life forms: Estuaries Marine ecosystems Upwelling Behavior of gases in the marine environment Deep ocean technology and understandings gained Questions/Main Ideas: Notes: 1. What are the main features of the ocean floor? 2. What are the main ocean zones and what are the characteristics of each? Continental shelf, Continental slope, Abyssal plain, ocean trench, Mid-ocean ridge and Hydrothermal vent. Intertidal zone- the area between high tide and low tide. Neritic zone- the 1st 200 meters of ocean water that includes the seashore Oceanic zone- extends from 200 meters and beyond. Photic zone- the top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates. Aphotic zone- the lowest layer of the ocean, where light does not reach. 3. What is a terrestrial/aquatic food web and how are they connected. Terrestrial food web is on land and aquatic food web is in water (aquatic animals). A bear eating a fish is an example of how terrestrial and aquatic food webs are connected. Many times they overlap and are affected by each other’s environment. 4. What is an estuary and why is it important? Estuaries are places where fresh and salt waters meet. Estuaries serve as an important habitat for many marine species, buffer zones for pollutants and breeding grounds of many organisms. They also act as a filtering system to remove some chemical elements and compounds from land run off. They provide important and productive nursery areas for many marine and aquatic species. ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) Submersible – SONAR - Sound Navigation Ranging - used to measure ocean depth Scuba - Self-Contained Underwater Breathing Apparatus Echo sounder ABE (Automated Benthic Explorer) Upwelling is a type of ocean current in which cold nutrient-rich water rises to the surface from the ocean depths. This nutrient-rich water feeds microscopic algae that serve as the base of open ocean food webs and provide the majority of the world’s oxygen. Use of ocean resources has increased significantly; therefore the future sustainability of ocean resources depends on our understanding of those resources and their potential and limitations. The ocean affects every human life. Most rain comes from the ocean and over half of Earth’s oxygen. From the ocean we get foods, medicines, minerals, and energy resources. 5. What technologies are used to study the ocean? 6. What is the importance of upwelling? 7. What are some interactions between humans and the ocean? Vocabulary Words: 1. Abiotic Factor 2. Abyssal Plain 3. Aphotic Zone 4. Benthos 5. Bioluminescence 6. Biotic Factor 7. Chemosynthesis 8. Consumer 9. Continental Shelf 10. Continental Slope 11. Ecosystem 12. Estuary The non-living factors of the environment that an organism lives in. Mostly flat portion of ocean floor which provides a home to a variety of unique organisms that are adapted to the extreme conditions of this habitat. Lowest layer of the ocean, where light does not reach. Organisms that live on or in the ocean floor. The production of non-thermal light by creatures' converting chemical energy to light energy to lure prey, attract a mate, or assist in keeping like species together. An estimated 75 percent of benthic creatures glow The living organisms of the environment. The production of organic material by energy from chemical reactions rather than light. Feed on other organisms (plant or animal) because they cannot make their own food. Extends from the edge of the continent outward to where the bottom sharply drops off into a steep slope. The steep incline between the continental shelf and the abyssal plain. A community of different but interdependent species and their non-living environment. Body of water where a river meets the ocean 13. Fauna 14. Flora 15. Food Chain 16. Habitat Animals. Plants. A hierarchy of food relationships from the simplest to most complex. 17. Hydrothermal Vent An opening in the sea floor where super-heated water and other material are discharged into the surrounding seawater. The area that lies between the low-tide and the high-tide line. A chain of undersea mountains that circles the earth through every ocean. Free-swimming organisms whose movements are independent of the tides, currents, and waves. The first 200 meters (656 feet) of ocean water, which includes the seashore and most of the continental shelf. Extends from 200 meters (656 feet) deep all the way down to the bottom of the ocean. The deepest parts of the ocean. The deepest one is the Marianas Trench (located in the South Pacific Ocean - almost 5 miles (8.05 kilometers) deep. 18. Intertidal Zone 19. Mid-Ocean Ridge 20. Nekton 21. Neritic Zone 22. Oceanic Zone 23. Ocean trench The immediate space where an animal or plant lives and has food, water and protection. 24. Photic Zone The top layer of the ocean where sunlight penetrates. 25. Photosynthesis A chemical process where plants and algae use a sun's energy to make sugars from carbon dioxide and water. 26. Phytoplankton The plant and algae component of the plankton; the primary producers of most ocean food webs. 27. Producer a living thing that produces its own food within itself, usually by using sunlight energy in photosynthesis the amount of dissolved solids in seawater the upward movement to the ocean surface of deeper, cold and usually nutrient-rich waters, especially along some shores, due to the offshore movement of surface waters Animal component of the plankton that feed on phytoplankton and other zooplankton (primary consumers). 28. Salinity 29. Upwelling 30. Zooplankton