Download Name - ehs-honors

Name ___KEY______________________
Biology – Updated Jan. 2013
Final Exam Review Packet
STUDY TIPS
 Use your textbook, your notes, and old tests to prepare yourself for the Final.
 DON’T CRAM! It’s a proven fact: studying for a little bit each day works better
than waiting until the night before the exam.
 Remember to ask questions in class about concepts you want clarified.
GUIDING QUESTIONS FOR FINAL EXAM
THEME #1: The Study of Life
1. Scientific Method (Chapter 1)
a. What is the difference between an independent and a dependent variable?
IV = what you manipulate in the experiment (what you test the effect of, or
what you change)
DV = what you measure in the experiment (what is affected by the
independent variable)
b. What is a controlled experiment?
A controlled experiment compares the results of an experimental sample to a
control sample, which is practically identical to the experimental sample with
the exception of the ONE aspect that is being tested (aka the independent
variable.)
2. Characteristics of Life (Chapter 1)
a. What are the ten characteristics common to all living things?
(Hint: DC GO HARDER)
DNA, cells, growth and development, organization, homeostasis, adaptation
through evolution, reproduction, energy, response to stimuli, and death (all
living things must eventually cease living).
b. Why are viruses not considered to be living things? Use your answer to the
question above.
Viruses do not contain cells, cannot reproduce on their own, and do not
always contain DNA.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 1 of 18
3. Survey of Life / Intro to Cells (Chapter 17 & Chapter 6)
a. Summarize the levels of hierarchy used in biological classification.
(In order from largest to smallest): Domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order,
family, genus, species
b. What are the three domains? What are their major characteristics?
1. Domain Bacteria – prokaryotes, unicellular, contains all common bacteria
2. Domain Archaebacteria – prokaryotes, unicellular, contains bacteria that
live in extreme environments.
3. Domain Eukarya – eukaryotes, all cells have a nucleus and organelles,
only domain with unicellular and multicellular organisms.
c. What are the six kingdoms? What are their major characteristics?
1. Kingdom Bacteria – Prokaryotes, contain all common bacteria
2. Kingdom Archaebacteria – Prokaryotes, contain bacteria that live in
extreme environments
3. Kingdom Protista – Unicellular, colonial, and multicellular eukaryotes.
Some are heterotrophic, others are autotrophic.
4. Kingdom Fungi – Unicellular or multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes.
Include decomposers. Contain a cell wall made of chitin.
5. Kingdom Plantae – Multicellular autotrophic eukaryotes. Contain a cell
wall made of cellulose.
6. Kingdom Animalia – Multicellular heterotrophic eukaryotes. Do not have
a cell wall. Most are capable of movement.
d. What are the three components of cell theory?
1. All living things contain cells.
2. The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things.
3. All cells come from preexisting cells.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 2 of 18
e. Draw and label the parts of a bacterial cell.
f. Draw and label the parts of a plant cell.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 3 of 18
g. Draw and label the parts of an animal cell.
h. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotic cells – No nucleus, no organelles.
Eukaryotic cells – Have a membrane-bound nucleus. Have organelles.
i. Describe the function of the following organelles:
i. Nucleus – Contains the DNA, controls cell’s activities.
ii. Nucleolus – Inside the nucleus, makes the ribosomes.
iii. Ribosome – Site of protein synthesis.
iv. Rough ER – Packages proteins made by ribosomes for transport.
v. Smooth ER – Makes lipids, breaks down toxins, releases calcium
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 4 of 18
vi. Golgi apparatus – Modifies and packages substances for transport into
and out of cell (Post Office).
vii. Vacuole – Sac for storing food or water.
viii. Lysosome – Contains digestive enzymes for breaking down food
molecules.
ix. Chloroplast – Contains chlorophyll, site of photosynthesis
x. Mitochondria – Site of aerobic cellular respiration / ATP production.
xi. Cytoskeleton – Network of microfilaments that supports cell shape and
allows for movement of organelles.
xii. Flagella – “Tails”, function in locomotion.
xiii. Cilia – “Hairs”, function in locomotion
4. History of Life (Chapter 14)
a. Explain what conditions were like on the early Earth.
Earth was created approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The early atmosphere
contained many gases such as ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, and carbon dioxide
– most importantly, there was little to no atmospheric oxygen. There was
intense volcanic activity and the surface was frequently bombarded with
asteroids for much of the planet’s early existence.
b. How and when did life first evolve on Earth? What were the first living
things?
Scientists believe that life first evolved on the planet as early as 3.8 billion
years ago. The first living things were prokaryotes (bacteria) and they
probably first lived underground or at the bottom of the ocean near
hydrothermal vents. These first bacteria were heterotrophs; bacteria that
could perform photosynthesis would not evolve until much later on. These
cyanobacteria would ultimately be responsible for creating enough oxygen in
the atmosphere to allow for the evolution of aerobic cellular respiration.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 5 of 18
THEME #2: Food and Energy
5. Ecology – Part I
a. Describe or diagram the flow of energy through a food web, starting with the
ultimate source of energy for all ecosystems and ending with quaternary
consumers.
6. The Chemistry of Food (Chapter 6)
a. Why is water important to living things?
b. Why do we eat?
c. Describe the building blocks and functions of the four major classes of
biomolecules.
i. Carbohydrates –
ii. Lipids –
iii. Proteins –
iv. Nucleic acids -
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 6 of 18
7. The Chemistry of Digestion
a. Describe the structure and function of an enzyme.
b. Explain how a change in temperature or pH may affect the function of an
enzyme.
c. Trace the flow of a food particle through the human digestive system. Where
is food broken down? Where are nutrients absorbed?
8. Cellular Transport (Chapter 6)
a. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. Identify the function of
phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and carbohydrates in the membrane.
b. Describe each of the following mode of cellular transport:
i. Passive transport
ii. Active transport
iii. Diffusion
iv. Facilitated Diffusion
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 7 of 18
v. Osmosis
vi. Endocytosis
vii. Exocytosis
c. Explain what happens to animal and plant cells when placed in hypertonic,
hypotonic, and isotonic solutions.
9. Cellular Respiration (Chapter 8)
a. How does ATP provide energy for cellular work?
b. Why do we breathe?
c. What is the difference between anaerobic and aerobic respiration?
d. What is the overall equation for aerobic cellular respiration?
e. Describe the structure of the mitochondrion.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 8 of 18
f. Explain what happens during glycolysis and where it takes place.
g. Explain what happens during the Krebs cycle and where it takes place.
h. Explain what happens during the electron transport chain and where it takes
place.
i. Why does fermentation take place in cells that lack mitochondria or when
there is not enough oxygen present?
10. Photosynthesis (Chapter 8)
a. How do autotrophs use light energy to make food?
b. What is the overall equation for photosynthesis?
c. What are the major parts of a leaf and their functions?
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 9 of 18
d. Describe the structure of the chloroplast.
e. Explain what happens during the light-dependent reactions.
f. Explain what happens during the dark-dependent reactions.
g. Identify two factors that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
h. Explain the complimentary nature of photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
11. Ecology – Part II
a. What is the carrying capacity of a population?
b. Describe some factors that can limit the overall size of a population.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 10 of 18
THEME #3: EVOLUTION, GENETICS, AND OBESITY
12. Evolution (Chapter 15)
a. Who was Charles Darwin? Describe his voyage on the HMS Beagle.
b. Explain the key features of Darwin’s theory of natural selection and use this
theory to explain the evolution of a given trait (e.g., the neck of a giraffe).
c. What is an adaptation? Give an example.
d. Describe the five major categories of evidence for evolution and give an
example of each.
i. Comparative anatomy ii. Fossil record –
iii. Embryology –
iv. Biochemistry –
v. Biogeography -
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 11 of 18
e. What are homologous and analogous structures? How do they provide
evidence of divergent and convergent evolution?
f. What is a vestigial structure? How does it provide evidence of evolution?
13. Meiosis and Sexual Reproduction (Chapters 10)
a. What are the advantages of sexual reproduction over asexual reproduction?
b. How does meiosis reduce the number of chromosome copies in the cell? Why
is this important?
c. How does meiosis promote genetic variation?
d. Draw a cell going through the various stages of meiosis.
e. What is a karyotype?
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 12 of 18
f. What is nondisjunction? What are some disorders that can result from errors
of meiosis?
14. Genetics (Chapters 10-11)
a. Describe the work of Gregor Mendel.
b. What is the difference between a dominant and a recessive allele?
c. What are Mendel’s laws of segregation and independent assortment?
d. Draw Punnett squares for the following crosses: Aa x Aa; DdFf x DdFf.
e. Explain the following exceptions to Mendel’s laws and give an example:
i. Incomplete dominance
ii. Codominance
iii. Lethal dominance
iv. Multiple alleles
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 13 of 18
f. What are sex-linked traits? Why do they typically affect males more often
than females?
g. What is a pedigree?
15. Obesity Epidemic – The Weight of the Nation
a. Describe some of the environmental factors contributing to the recent rise in
obesity rates.
b. Explain the thrifty gene hypothesis. How might evolution be playing a role in
the obesity epidemic?
THEME #4: CANCER AND CELL BIOLOGY
16. Cell Cycle, Mitosis, and Cancer (Chapter 9)
a. Why are cells usually small?
b. Draw the cell cycle and describe what happens to the cell in each phase.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 14 of 18
c. Explain what happens during the various stages of mitosis.
d. Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
e. What is the relationship between control of the cell cycle and cancer?
f. What is the difference between benign and malignant tumors?
17. Molecular Biology (Chapter 12)
a. Describe the structure of DNA.
b. Describe the contributions of the following scientists to the discovery that
DNA was the genetic material:
i. Griffith
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 15 of 18
ii. Avery
iii. Hershey and Chase
c. Describe the contributions of the following scientists to the discovery of the
structure of DNA:
i. Chargaff
ii. Franklin
iii. Watson & Crick
d. How does the structure of DNA suggest a replication mechanism for DNA?
e. Describe the steps of DNA replication.
f. What is the difference between the leading and the lagging strand?
g. What is the central dogma of biology? (How does DNA code for traits?)
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 16 of 18
h. Compare the structure of DNA with RNA.
i. Explain what happens during transcription.
j. Explain what happens during translation.
k. How does the genetic code provide evidence for evolution?
l. What is a mutation?
m. Distinguish between the following types of mutations:
i. Silent
ii. Missense
iii. Nonsense
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 17 of 18
THEME #5: APPLICATIONS OF SCIENCE
18. Biotechnology (Chapter 13)
a. What is genetic engineering? Describe some of its uses.
b. What are restriction enzymes?
c. What is a plasmid?
d. Explain the steps involved in engineering a bacteria that can make human
insulin.
e. What is gel electrophoresis? Describe some of its uses.
f. What are stem cells? Describe some of their potential uses.
Mr. Hammer, Biology, 2013
Page 18 of 18