Download 11. Evolution 2015

12. Evolution
Living Environment
Mr. Wiley 144
So…how did we get from nothing to
something?
• What do you think the world was like on the first day of Earth EVER?
Sights, sounds, smells?
Evolution in a Minute
I. Evolution Brainstorm
II. Myths about evolution
WARNING:
When people hear the word evolution they
usually think:
• Humans came from apes
• Believing in evolution must conflict with religious
beliefs
• Evolution is JUST a theory so its not real
These are all MISCONCEPTIONS
III. The Theory of Evolution
• Theory – the best explanation
for a phenomenon based on lots
of scientific research and
evidence
• Can still be tested
• Example: Gravity!
• Evolution – change in
organisms/species over a long
time
• Evolutionary Theory – Earth’s
present-day species developed
from earlier, very different
species
Who was Charles Darwin and what does he
have to do with evolution?
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
What evidence of evolution do we
have?
1. Natural Selection
2. Fossil Records
3.Comparative Biochemistry
4.Comparative Embryology
5.Comparative Anatomy
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
1. Natural Selection
Natural Selection – nature decides which
traits will be passed on to future
generations
•The traits best suited for survival will get
passed on
•Organisms with undesirable traits will die
out
•Survival of the Fittest!!! What does survival
of the fittest mean?
1.
Rules of Natural Selection:
There must be variation:
2. Mutations can lead to physical changes:
3. Traits must be inheritable:
4. There must be random reproduction:
Examples in mice start at 1:20
What is Artificial Selection?
•THE OPPOSITE OF NATURAL SELECTION!
•Artificial Selection – Humans choose
animals/plants to breed based on certain
traits
• Also called Selective Breeding
Examples:
• Breeding horses for speed
• Breeding dogs for work (herding animals, hunting)
• Breeding cows for more milk production or beef
Is it Natural Selection (NS) or Artificial Selection (AS)?
1. A flower evolves to have brighter petals so it attracts more bees.
2. A species of cat is bred to shed less fur.
3. A giraffe with a longer neck survives because it can reach its food
source.
4. A sheep is bred to produce more wool for making clothes.
5. A female lion chooses to mate with the male lion who has the
biggest mane.
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
2. Fossil Records
• What are fossils?
A
• Which layer of rock is the
oldest?
B
• Which layer of rock has the
newest fossils?
C
• Which layer of rock has the
simplest species?
D
• Which layer of rock has the
most complex species?
E
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
3. Comparative Biochemistry
•Similar organisms have similar a genetic
make up.
Ex: Humans share 98.5% of their DNA with chimpanzees
• Scientists can compare DNA/RNA, Amino
Acids and Proteins to identify which
species are closely related.
Ex: Biodiversity and Cytochrome C-lab
Compare the amino acid sequences below to
determine which species is most related to the human.
Species
Amino Acid Sequences
# of Diff.
Human
Lys
Glu
His
Iso
Horse
Arg
Lys
His
Lys
Gorilla
Lys
Glu
His
Lys
Chimpanzee
Lys
Glu
His
Iso
Zebra
Arg
Lys
His
Arg
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
4. Comparative Embryology
•Embryology- The study of embryos and
their development
•Scientists can compare the stages of
embryo development between species to
observe similarities and differences.
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
4. Comparative Embryology
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
5. Comparative Anatomy
•Anatomy- the study
of an organisms
structure/build
•Scientists can
compare the
structures that build
an organism to
determine if they are
similar or different.
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
5. Comparative Anatomy
Homologous Structures – Structures that
develop and are built similarly, but are used for
different purposes/functions due to evolution
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
5. Comparative Anatomy
• Analogous Structures- Structures that perform similar
function, but are built differently by evolution
IV. Evidence for Evolution:
5. Comparative Anatomy
Vestigial Structure- a structure that once has a
purpose but is no longer used by an organism
Is it Homologous structure (HS), Analogous Structure
(AS) or Vestigial Structure (VS)?
1. Wing from a bat and fin of a whale.
2. The appendix in humans.
3. Fins of a shark and fins from a dolphin.
4. Wings from a bat and wings from a wasp.
5. Opposable thumbs in chimpanzees and humans.
Real Life Evolution Example: Elephants!!
• Hypothesize: What do you think earlier elephants looked like? Back up
your claim!!
• Elephant Evolution
• Wolves to Whales
V. Tools used by
Evolutionary Scientists
What tools do evolutionary scientists use to classify
organisms and show evolutionary patterns?
1. Cladogram
2. Dichotomous Keys
V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists
1. Cladogram
•Cladogram – chart that shows evolutionary
relationships between organisms based on
traits & DNA
V. Tools used by
Evolutionary Scientists
F
G
I
H
D
K
E
C
B
A
J
• Common ancestor –
an organism that
gave rise to other
groups of organisms
• How can you tell if
two organisms are
closely related on a
cladogram?
V. Tools used by
Evolutionary Scientists
F
G
I
H
D
J
K
E
Who is the common
ancestor for ALL of these
organisms (F-K)?
Common ancestor for
I & J?
Common ancestor for
G & I?
C
B
Common ancestor for
F & G?
A
Common ancestor for
D & E?
The diagram to the right shows the line for
organism A stopping well before organisms B, C
and D. Why is this? What does it mean?
V. Tools used by
Evolutionary Scientists
•Dichotomous Key– tool that uses yes or no
statements to narrow down characteristics of
an item/organism
Rules of Building a Dichotomous
Key:
1. Statements must have a yes/no answer ONLY
2. Characteristics must be observable (no opinions or
assumptions)
3. Measurements must be precise/accurate
4. Final statements can only apply to one of the
organisms
VI. Regents Practice Questions
1. Which statement represents the major concept of the
biological theory of evolution?
a. A new species moves into habitats when another
species becomes extinct.
b. Every period of time in Earth’s history has its own
group of organisms.
c. Present-day organisms on Earth developed from
earlier, distinctly different organisms.
d. Every location on Earth’s surface has its own unique
group of organisms.
2. Woolly mammoths became extinct thousands of
years ago, while other species of mammals that existed
at that time still exist today. These other species of
mammals most likely exist today because, unlike
mammoths, they
a. produced offspring that all had identical inheritable
characteristics
b. did not face a struggle for survival
c. learned to migrate to new environments
d. had certain inheritable traits that enabled them to
survive.
3. Which characteristic is necessary for natural
selection to occur in a species?
a. stability
b. variation
c. complex cellular organization
d. very low mutation rate
4. According to the theory of natural selection, why are
some individuals more likely than others to survive and
reproduce?
a. Some individuals pass on to their offspring new
characteristics they have acquired during their
lifetimes.
b. Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their
environment than others are.
c. Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring
new characteristics they have acquired during their
lifetimes.
d. Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring
than others in the same environment.
5. Ancestors of the giant panda had round paws
with five very short toes. Today, the giant panda has
a sixth toe, often referred to as a thumb, even
though it develops from a wrist bone. This unique
thumb is an adaptation that allows the panda to
easily hold and eat bamboo shoots. The presence of
the giant panda’s thumb is most likely the result of:
a. natural selection
b. selective breeding
c. asexual reproduction
d. ecological succession
6. The graph shows changes in the percentage of vancomycinresistant bacteria in a population between the years 1983 and 2001.
Explain why the percentage of resistant bacteria increases over
time.
7. The accompanying diagram shows the bones in the forelimbs of
three different organisms. Differences in the bone arrangements
support the hypothesis that these organisms:
a.
b.
c.
d.
Are members of the same species
May have descended from a common ancestor
Have adaptations to survive in different environments
All contain the same genetic information
8. The presence of similar structures in all
vertebrates (having a backbone) suggests that
these vertebrates:
a. All developed at the same rate
b.Evolved from different animals that appeared
on Earth at the same time
c. All develop internally and rely on nutrients
supplied by the mother
d.May have an evolutionary relationship
9. The diagram below shows the evolution of some different species
of flowers. Which statement about the species is correct?
a.
b.
c.
d.
Species A, B, C, and D came from a different ancestors.
Species C evolved from Species B.
Species A, B, and C can interbreed successfully.
Species A became extinct.
10. Based on the analysis of the differences in amino acid sequences of
one kind of protein, scientists prepared the evolutionary tree shown
below. According to this diagram, is the pig more closely related to the
dog or the kangaroo? Justify your answer.
11. According to this
diagram, the DNA of
which pair of organisms
would show the greatest
similarity?
a. penguin and turtle
b. horse and donkey
c. snake and tuna
d. turtle and rabbit
12. The diagram illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain
organisms, based on the theory of evolution. Which statement could
best be inferred from the information in this diagram?
a. Evolution does not involve gradual change.
b. Evolutionary changes can result in extinction.
c. Evolution began with plants.
d. Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.