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12. Evolution Living Environment Mr. Wiley 144 So…how did we get from nothing to something? • What do you think the world was like on the first day of Earth EVER? Sights, sounds, smells? Evolution in a Minute I. Evolution Brainstorm II. Myths about evolution WARNING: When people hear the word evolution they usually think: • Humans came from apes • Believing in evolution must conflict with religious beliefs • Evolution is JUST a theory so its not real These are all MISCONCEPTIONS III. The Theory of Evolution • Theory – the best explanation for a phenomenon based on lots of scientific research and evidence • Can still be tested • Example: Gravity! • Evolution – change in organisms/species over a long time • Evolutionary Theory – Earth’s present-day species developed from earlier, very different species Who was Charles Darwin and what does he have to do with evolution? IV. Evidence for Evolution: What evidence of evolution do we have? 1. Natural Selection 2. Fossil Records 3.Comparative Biochemistry 4.Comparative Embryology 5.Comparative Anatomy IV. Evidence for Evolution: 1. Natural Selection Natural Selection – nature decides which traits will be passed on to future generations •The traits best suited for survival will get passed on •Organisms with undesirable traits will die out •Survival of the Fittest!!! What does survival of the fittest mean? 1. Rules of Natural Selection: There must be variation: 2. Mutations can lead to physical changes: 3. Traits must be inheritable: 4. There must be random reproduction: Examples in mice start at 1:20 What is Artificial Selection? •THE OPPOSITE OF NATURAL SELECTION! •Artificial Selection – Humans choose animals/plants to breed based on certain traits • Also called Selective Breeding Examples: • Breeding horses for speed • Breeding dogs for work (herding animals, hunting) • Breeding cows for more milk production or beef Is it Natural Selection (NS) or Artificial Selection (AS)? 1. A flower evolves to have brighter petals so it attracts more bees. 2. A species of cat is bred to shed less fur. 3. A giraffe with a longer neck survives because it can reach its food source. 4. A sheep is bred to produce more wool for making clothes. 5. A female lion chooses to mate with the male lion who has the biggest mane. IV. Evidence for Evolution: 2. Fossil Records • What are fossils? A • Which layer of rock is the oldest? B • Which layer of rock has the newest fossils? C • Which layer of rock has the simplest species? D • Which layer of rock has the most complex species? E IV. Evidence for Evolution: 3. Comparative Biochemistry •Similar organisms have similar a genetic make up. Ex: Humans share 98.5% of their DNA with chimpanzees • Scientists can compare DNA/RNA, Amino Acids and Proteins to identify which species are closely related. Ex: Biodiversity and Cytochrome C-lab Compare the amino acid sequences below to determine which species is most related to the human. Species Amino Acid Sequences # of Diff. Human Lys Glu His Iso Horse Arg Lys His Lys Gorilla Lys Glu His Lys Chimpanzee Lys Glu His Iso Zebra Arg Lys His Arg IV. Evidence for Evolution: 4. Comparative Embryology •Embryology- The study of embryos and their development •Scientists can compare the stages of embryo development between species to observe similarities and differences. IV. Evidence for Evolution: 4. Comparative Embryology IV. Evidence for Evolution: 5. Comparative Anatomy •Anatomy- the study of an organisms structure/build •Scientists can compare the structures that build an organism to determine if they are similar or different. IV. Evidence for Evolution: 5. Comparative Anatomy Homologous Structures – Structures that develop and are built similarly, but are used for different purposes/functions due to evolution IV. Evidence for Evolution: 5. Comparative Anatomy • Analogous Structures- Structures that perform similar function, but are built differently by evolution IV. Evidence for Evolution: 5. Comparative Anatomy Vestigial Structure- a structure that once has a purpose but is no longer used by an organism Is it Homologous structure (HS), Analogous Structure (AS) or Vestigial Structure (VS)? 1. Wing from a bat and fin of a whale. 2. The appendix in humans. 3. Fins of a shark and fins from a dolphin. 4. Wings from a bat and wings from a wasp. 5. Opposable thumbs in chimpanzees and humans. Real Life Evolution Example: Elephants!! • Hypothesize: What do you think earlier elephants looked like? Back up your claim!! • Elephant Evolution • Wolves to Whales V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists What tools do evolutionary scientists use to classify organisms and show evolutionary patterns? 1. Cladogram 2. Dichotomous Keys V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists 1. Cladogram •Cladogram – chart that shows evolutionary relationships between organisms based on traits & DNA V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists F G I H D K E C B A J • Common ancestor – an organism that gave rise to other groups of organisms • How can you tell if two organisms are closely related on a cladogram? V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists F G I H D J K E Who is the common ancestor for ALL of these organisms (F-K)? Common ancestor for I & J? Common ancestor for G & I? C B Common ancestor for F & G? A Common ancestor for D & E? The diagram to the right shows the line for organism A stopping well before organisms B, C and D. Why is this? What does it mean? V. Tools used by Evolutionary Scientists •Dichotomous Key– tool that uses yes or no statements to narrow down characteristics of an item/organism Rules of Building a Dichotomous Key: 1. Statements must have a yes/no answer ONLY 2. Characteristics must be observable (no opinions or assumptions) 3. Measurements must be precise/accurate 4. Final statements can only apply to one of the organisms VI. Regents Practice Questions 1. Which statement represents the major concept of the biological theory of evolution? a. A new species moves into habitats when another species becomes extinct. b. Every period of time in Earth’s history has its own group of organisms. c. Present-day organisms on Earth developed from earlier, distinctly different organisms. d. Every location on Earth’s surface has its own unique group of organisms. 2. Woolly mammoths became extinct thousands of years ago, while other species of mammals that existed at that time still exist today. These other species of mammals most likely exist today because, unlike mammoths, they a. produced offspring that all had identical inheritable characteristics b. did not face a struggle for survival c. learned to migrate to new environments d. had certain inheritable traits that enabled them to survive. 3. Which characteristic is necessary for natural selection to occur in a species? a. stability b. variation c. complex cellular organization d. very low mutation rate 4. According to the theory of natural selection, why are some individuals more likely than others to survive and reproduce? a. Some individuals pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. b. Some individuals are better adapted to exist in their environment than others are. c. Some individuals do not pass on to their offspring new characteristics they have acquired during their lifetimes. d. Some individuals tend to produce fewer offspring than others in the same environment. 5. Ancestors of the giant panda had round paws with five very short toes. Today, the giant panda has a sixth toe, often referred to as a thumb, even though it develops from a wrist bone. This unique thumb is an adaptation that allows the panda to easily hold and eat bamboo shoots. The presence of the giant panda’s thumb is most likely the result of: a. natural selection b. selective breeding c. asexual reproduction d. ecological succession 6. The graph shows changes in the percentage of vancomycinresistant bacteria in a population between the years 1983 and 2001. Explain why the percentage of resistant bacteria increases over time. 7. The accompanying diagram shows the bones in the forelimbs of three different organisms. Differences in the bone arrangements support the hypothesis that these organisms: a. b. c. d. Are members of the same species May have descended from a common ancestor Have adaptations to survive in different environments All contain the same genetic information 8. The presence of similar structures in all vertebrates (having a backbone) suggests that these vertebrates: a. All developed at the same rate b.Evolved from different animals that appeared on Earth at the same time c. All develop internally and rely on nutrients supplied by the mother d.May have an evolutionary relationship 9. The diagram below shows the evolution of some different species of flowers. Which statement about the species is correct? a. b. c. d. Species A, B, C, and D came from a different ancestors. Species C evolved from Species B. Species A, B, and C can interbreed successfully. Species A became extinct. 10. Based on the analysis of the differences in amino acid sequences of one kind of protein, scientists prepared the evolutionary tree shown below. According to this diagram, is the pig more closely related to the dog or the kangaroo? Justify your answer. 11. According to this diagram, the DNA of which pair of organisms would show the greatest similarity? a. penguin and turtle b. horse and donkey c. snake and tuna d. turtle and rabbit 12. The diagram illustrates a proposed evolutionary path of certain organisms, based on the theory of evolution. Which statement could best be inferred from the information in this diagram? a. Evolution does not involve gradual change. b. Evolutionary changes can result in extinction. c. Evolution began with plants. d. Evolution produces organisms that all fill the same niche.