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AP Biology Unit 3 Syllabus Communication & Homeostasis Chapters 11, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, & 51 Date Monday October 3 Class Discussion Topic/Activity Cell Communication Notes Cell Communication Webquest Learning Targets Chapter 11: Cell Signaling 1. I can explain that correct and appropriate signal transduction processes are generally under strong selective pressure. 2. I can explain that communication involves transduction of stimulatory or inhibitory signals from other cells, organisms, or the environment. 3. I can explain how signaling begins with the recognition of a chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein. a. Different receptors recognize different chemical messengers, which can be peptides, small chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one relationship. b. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules, causing the receptor protein’s shape to change, which initiates transduction of the signal, such as: i. G-protein linked receptors ii. Ligand-gated ion channels iii. Receptor tyrosine kinases 4. I can explain that signal transduction is the process by which a signal is converted to a cellular response. a. Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to cell targets, often amplifying the incoming signals, with the result of appropriate responses by the cell. b. Second messengers are often essential to the function of the cascade, such as: i. Ligand-gated channels ii. Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP, cyclic AMP, calcium ions (Ca2+), and inositol triphosphate (IP3) 5. I can explain that many signaling transduction pathways include: a. Protein modifications b. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of protein kinases add a phosphate group to the next protein in the cascade sequence 6. I can explain that conditions where signal transduction is blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative, or prophylactic, such as: a. Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease, autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera b. Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides c. Drugs (hypertensives, anesthetics, antihistimines, and birth control) 7. I can explain how programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays a role in the normal development and differentiation, such as: a. Morphogenesis of fingers and toes Assignment (Unless otherwise noted assignments are due the next day class meets) Videos: Bozeman Biology: Cell communication OR Crash course: Signal Transduction Pathways Extra help links: Prezi on Cell signaling Tuesday October 4 Review webquest Cell Communication POGIL or Chapter 11 One Pager Wednesday October 5 Thursday October 6 Friday October 7 Intro Cell Communication Project Cell Communication & Disease Project Finish project Mastering Biology chapter 11 quiz by 11:59p Read chapter 43 Chapter 43 one-pager due Friday, October 14 Prezi on Immune System Quiz – Ch. 11 Present projects Monday October 10 Tuesday October 11 Pep Assembly Homecoming No School – Columbus Day Immune System Crash course: Immune System Webquest Enjoy your Day off!!! Chapter 43: The Immune System 1. I can explain how disruptions at the molecular and cellular levels affect the health of the organism, such as: a. Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins, and allergens 2. I can explain that plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific immune responses, such as: a. Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific response mechanisms and may possess pathogenspecific defense responses. b. Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific defense mechanisms against pathogens. 3. I can explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact, such as: a. Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigenpresenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer Tcells. 4. I can explain how mammals use specific immune responses triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt dynamic homeostasis. 5. I can explain how the mammalian immune system includes two types of specific responses: cell mediated and humoral. 6. I can explain how in the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, “target” intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the outside of cells. 7. I can explain how in the humoral response, B cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, produce antibodies against specific antigens. 8. I can explain how antigens are recognized by antibodies to the antigen. 9. I can explain that antibodies are proteins produced by B cells, and each antibody is specific to a particular antigen. 10. I can explain how a second exposure to an antigen results in a more rapid and enhanced immune response. Wednesday October 12 Thursday October 13 Immune System Notes Class Activity Nervous System Notes Neuron Communication Activity/Modeling Friday October 14 Quiz – ch. 43, 48 Nervous System Chapter 48: Neurons Synapses and Signaling 1. I can explain how cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell, such as: a. Neurotransmitters 2. I can explain how the neuron is the basic structure of the nervous system that reflects function. 3. I can explain how a typical neuron has a cell body, axon, and dendrites. Many axons have a myelin sheath that acts as an electrical insulator. 4. I can explain how the structure of the neuron allows for the detection, generation, transmission, and integration of signal information. 5. I can explain how Schwann cells, which form the myelin sheath, are separated by gaps of unsheathed axon over which the impulse travels as the signal propagate along the neuron. 6. I can explain how action potentials propagate impulses along neurons. 7. I can explain how membranes of neurons are polarized by the establishment of electrical potentials across the membranes. 8. I can explain how in response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+ gated channels sequentially open and cause the membrane to become locally depolarized. 9. I can explain how Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to maintain membrane potential. 10. I can explain how the transmission of information between neurons occurs across synapse. 11. I can explain how, in most animals, transmission across synapses involves chemical messengers called neurotransmitters, such as: a. Acetylcholine b. Epinephrine c. Norepinephrine d. Dopamine e. Serotonin f. GABA 12. I can explain how transmission of information along neurons and synapses results in a response and that the response can be stimulatory or inhibitory. 13. I can explain how interactions and coordination between systems provide essential biological activities, such as: a. Nervous and muscular Mastering Biology Chapter 43 quiz by 11:59pm Read Chapter 48 Chapter 48 one-pager due Monday October 17 Prezi on Nervous System Videos to watch: o Nervous System o Crash Course: Nervous System Read Chapter 49.2 (p. 10671072) Monday October 17 Nervous System Neuron Webquest Tuesday October 18 Endocrine System Notes Blood Sugar POGIL??? Rat Activity??? Wednesday October 19 Thursday October 20 Endocrine System Hormone All About Me Research and Presentations Endocrine System Hormone All About me Presentations Rat Hormone Chapter 49: Nervous Systems (section 49.2 only) 1. I can explain how, in animals, internal and external signals regulate a variety of physiological responses that synchronize with environmental cycles and cues, such as: a. Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes and persists even in the absence of external cues b. Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles c. Jet lag in humans 2. I can explain how different regions of the vertebrate brain have different functions, such as: a. Vision b. Hearing c. Muscle movement d. Abstract thought and emotions e. Neuro-hormone production f. Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem) and hindbrain (cerebellum) g. Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans Chapter 45: Hormones and The Endocrine System (sections 45.1-45.2 only) 1. I can explain that in multi-cellular organisms, signal transduction pathways coordinate activities within individual cells that support the function of the organism as a whole, such as: 2. Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in mammals 3. I can explain how signals released by one cell type can travel long distances to target cells of another cell type. a. Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells that release signaling molecules, which are specific and can travel long distances through the blood to reach all parts of the body, such as: i. Insulin ii. Human growth hormone iii. Thyroid hormones iv. Testosterone v. Estrogen 4. I can explain how alteration in the mechanisms of feedback often results in deleterious consequences, such as: a. Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin b. Dehydration in response to decreased antidiuretic hormone (ADH) c. Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) d. Blood clotting Mastering Biology Chapter 48 quiz by 11:59pm Mastering Biology chapter 40 quiz by 11:59pm Read Chapter 45.1-45.2 Prezi on Hormonal Control Videos to watch: o Endocrine System o Crash Course: Endocrine System Friday October 21 Quiz – ch. 45, 49 Review Cell Communication Timing & Coordination in Prokaryotes, Protists, Fungi & Plants TED talk Biofilm Bacteria Project Monday October 24 Present Biofilm Projects Timing & Coordination in Plants Fruit Ripening Lab Tuesday October 25 Timing & Coordination in Plants Notes Activity??? I can explain how cells communicate over short distances by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of the emitting cell, such as: a. Quorum sensing in bacteria 2. I can explain that in single-celled organisms, signal transduction pathways influence how a cell responds to its environment, such as: a. Use of chemical messengers by microbes to communicate with other nearby cells and to regulate specific pathways in response to population density (quorum sensing). 3. I can explain that in fungi, protists, and bacteria, internal and external signals regulate a variety of physiological responses that synchronize with environmental cycles and cues, such as: a. Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and certain types of bacteria b. Quorum sensing in bacteria 4. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms, such as: a. Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in fungi Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction & Biotechnology (section 38.1 only) 8. I can explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact, such as: a. Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow material to be transported from cell to cell. 9. I can explain that reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy available, such as: a. Seasonal reproduction in plants b. Life history strategy (biennial plants) 10. I can explain temperature and availability of water determine seed germination in most plants. 11. I can explain how cooperative behavior within or between populations contributes to the survival of the populations, such as: a. Biology of pollination Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals (skip section 39.4) 1. I can explain how, in plants, physiological events involve interactions between environmental stimuli and internal molecular signals, including: a. Phototropism, or response to the presence of light. b. Photoperiodism, or the response to the change in the length of the night, that results in flowering in long-day and short-day plants. 2. I can explain how responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection. a. In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the light source lead to differential growth, resulting in maximum exposure of leaves to light for photosynthesis. b. In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the length 1. Read chapter 51 Read chapter 39 Wednesday October 26 Animal Behavior Notes Animal Behavior Video WS of night regulate flowering and preparation for winter. 3. I can explain how negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point, such as: a. Plant responses to water limitations 4. I can explain how p ositive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms. The variable initiating the response is moved farther away from the initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the stimulus is further activated, which, in turn, initiates an additional response that produces system change. An example in plants includes: a. Ripening in fruit 5. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms, such as: a. Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants 6. I can explain that plants, invertebrates and vertebrates have multiple, nonspecific immune responses, such as: a. Plant defenses against pathogens include molecular recognition systems with systemic responses; infection triggers chemical responses that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus localizing the effects. 7. I can explain how signal transmission within and between cells mediates gene expression, such as: a. Ethylene levels cause changes in the production of different enzymes, allowing fruit to ripen b. Seed germination and gibberellin Chapter 51: Animal Behavior 1. I can explain that reproduction and rearing of offspring require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and growth. Different organisms use various reproductive strategies in response to energy available, such as: a. Seasonal reproduction in animals b. Life history strategy (reproductive diapause) 2. I can explain how individuals can act on information and communicate it to others. a. Innate behaviors are behaviors that are learned. b. Learning occurs through interactions with the environment and other organisms. 3. I can explain how responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection. a. Behaviors in animals are triggered by environmental cues and are vital to reproduction, natural selection and survival, such as: i. Hibernation ii. Estivation iii. Migration iv. Courtship 4. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms, such as: a. Taxis and kinesis in animals 5. I can explain how organisms exchange information with Pre-lab AP Lab 12 Thursday October 27 Timing & Coordination in Animals Activity??? each other in response to internal changes and external cues, which can change behavior, such as: a. Fight or flight response b. Predator warnings c. Protection of young d. Avoidance responses 6. I can explain how communication occurs through various mechanisms and that living systems have a variety of signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the behavior of other organisms and can result in differential reproductive success, such as: a. Territorial marking in mammals 7. I can explain how animals use visual, audible, tactile, electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success, such as: a. Bee dances b. Birds songs c. Territorial marking in mammals d. Pack behavior in animals e. Herd, flock and schooling behavior in animals f. Predator warning g. Colony and swarming behavior in insects h. Coloration 8. I can explain how responses to information and communication of information are vital to natural selection and evolution. 9. I can explain how natural selection favors innate and learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive fitness, such as: a. Parent and offspring interactions b. Migration patterns c. Courtship and mating behaviors d. Foraging in bees and other animals e. Avoidance behavior to electric fences, poisons or traps 10. I can explain how cooperative behavior tends to increase the fitness of the individual and the survival of the population, such as: a. Pack behavior in animals b. Herd, flock and schooling behavior in animals c. Predator warning d. Colony and swarming behavior in insects Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function 1. I can explain how organisms use various strategies to regulate body temperature and metabolism, such as: a. Endothermy (the use of thermal energy generated by metabolism to maintain homeostatic body temperatures) b. Ectothermy (the use of external thermal energy to help regulate and maintain body temperature) 2. I can explain that there is a relationship between metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of multicellular organisms – generally, the smaller the organism, the higher the metabolic rate. 3. I can explain how negative feedback mechanisms maintain dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable) by regulating physiological processes, returning the changing condition back to its target set point, such as: Mastering Biology Chapter 39 quiz by 11:59pm Read chapter 40 Chapter 40 one-pager due Wednesday, 2/3! a. Temperature regulation in animals I can explain how positive feedback mechanisms amplify responses and processes in biological organisms. The variable initiating the response is moved farther away from the initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the stimulus is further activated, which, in turn, initiates an additional response that produces system change. Examples in animals include: a. Lactation in mammals b. Onset of labor in childbirth 5. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their environment through behavioral and physiological mechanisms, such as: a. Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian rhythms b. Shivering and sweating in humans 6. I can explain how continuity of homeostatic mechanisms reflects common ancestry, while changes may occur in response to different environmental conditions. 7. I can explain how organisms have various mechanisms for obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes, such as: a. Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way digestive systems b. Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial animals c. Nitrogenous waste production and elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals 8. I can explain how homeostatic control systems of microbes, plants, and animals support common ancestry, such as: a. Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms, and vertebrates b. Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists c. Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and mammals d. Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial animals (countercurrent exchange mechanisms) 9. I can explain how within multicellular organisms, specialization of organs contributes to the overall functioning of the organism, such as: a. Exchange of gases b. Circulation of fluids c. Digestion of food d. Excretion of wastes 10. I can explain how interactions and coordination between organs provide essential biological activities, such as: a. Stomach and small intestines b. Kidney and bladder 4. Chapter 47: Animal Development (section 47.3 only) 1. I can explain how homeotic genes are involved in developmental patterns and sequences. 2. I can explain how embryonic induction in development results in the correct timing of events. 3. I can explain how genetic mutations can result in abnormal development. 4. I can explain how signal transmission within and between cells mediates cell function, such as: a. Friday October 28 Feedback Mechanisms in Animals HOX genes and their role in development Activity??? Monday October 31 Tuesday November 1 Wednesday November 2 AP Lab 12: Animal Behavior AP Lab 12: Animal Behavior Unit 3 Test Prezi On Homeostasis and Physiology (focus on the very last part of this) Videos to watch: o Homeostasis Loops o Positive and Negative Feedback o Organ Systems Mastering Biology Chapter 51 quiz by 11:59pm AP Lab 12 Report due Tuesday, November 8