Download Homeostasis and Cell Signaling in Animals Syllabus

AP Biology Unit 3 Syllabus
Communication & Homeostasis
Chapters 11, 38, 39, 40, 43, 45, 47, 48, 49, & 51
Date
Monday
October 3
Class Discussion
Topic/Activity
Cell
Communication
Notes
Cell
Communication
Webquest
Learning Targets
Chapter 11: Cell Signaling
1. I can explain that correct and appropriate signal
transduction processes are generally under strong
selective pressure.
2. I can explain that communication involves transduction of
stimulatory or inhibitory signals from other cells,
organisms, or the environment.
3. I can explain how signaling begins with the recognition of a
chemical messenger, a ligand, by a receptor protein.
a.
Different receptors recognize different chemical
messengers, which can be peptides, small
chemicals or proteins, in a specific one-to-one
relationship.
b. A receptor protein recognizes signal molecules,
causing the receptor protein’s shape to change,
which initiates transduction of the signal, such as:
i. G-protein linked receptors
ii. Ligand-gated ion channels
iii. Receptor tyrosine kinases
4. I can explain that signal transduction is the process by
which a signal is converted to a cellular response.
a.
Signaling cascades relay signals from receptors to
cell targets, often amplifying the incoming signals,
with the result of appropriate responses by the
cell.
b. Second messengers are often essential to the
function of the cascade, such as:
i. Ligand-gated channels
ii. Second messengers, such as cyclic GMP,
cyclic AMP, calcium ions (Ca2+), and
inositol triphosphate (IP3)
5. I can explain that many signaling transduction pathways
include:
a.
Protein modifications
b. Phosphorylation cascades in which a series of
protein kinases add a phosphate group to the
next protein in the cascade sequence
6. I can explain that conditions where signal transduction is
blocked or defective can be deleterious, preventative, or
prophylactic, such as:
a.
Diabetes, heart disease, neurological disease,
autoimmune disease, cancer, cholera
b. Effects of neurotoxins, poisons, pesticides
c.
Drugs (hypertensives, anesthetics, antihistimines,
and birth control)
7. I can explain how programmed cell death (apoptosis) plays
a role in the normal development and differentiation, such
as:
a.
Morphogenesis of fingers and toes
Assignment
(Unless otherwise noted
assignments are due the next day
class meets)
 Videos:
Bozeman Biology:
Cell communication
OR
Crash course:
Signal Transduction Pathways

Extra help links:
Prezi on Cell signaling
Tuesday
October 4
Review webquest
Cell
Communication
POGIL or Chapter
11 One Pager
Wednesday
October 5
Thursday
October 6
Friday
October 7
Intro Cell
Communication
Project
Cell
Communication &
Disease Project
Finish project

Mastering Biology chapter 11
quiz by 11:59p


Read chapter 43
Chapter 43 one-pager due
Friday, October 14
Prezi on Immune System
Quiz – Ch. 11
Present projects
Monday
October 10
Tuesday
October 11
Pep Assembly Homecoming
No School –
Columbus Day
Immune System
 Crash course:
Immune System
Webquest
Enjoy your Day off!!!
Chapter 43: The Immune System
1. I can explain how disruptions at the molecular and cellular
levels affect the health of the organism, such as:
a. Immunological responses to pathogens, toxins,
and allergens
2. I can explain that plants, invertebrates and vertebrates
have multiple, nonspecific immune responses, such as:
a. Invertebrate immune systems have nonspecific
response mechanisms and may possess pathogenspecific defense responses.
b. Vertebrate immune systems have nonspecific
defense mechanisms against pathogens.
3. I can explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact,
such as:
a. Immune cells interact by cell-cell contact, antigenpresenting cells (APCs), helper T-cells and killer Tcells.
4. I can explain how mammals use specific immune responses
triggered by natural or artificial agents that disrupt
dynamic homeostasis.
5. I can explain how the mammalian immune system includes
two types of specific responses: cell mediated and
humoral.
6. I can explain how in the cell-mediated response, cytotoxic
T cells, a type of lymphocytic white blood cell, “target”
intracellular pathogens when antigens are displayed on the
outside of cells.
7. I can explain how in the humoral response, B cells, a type
of lymphocytic white blood cell, produce antibodies
against specific antigens.
8. I can explain how antigens are recognized by antibodies to
the antigen.
9. I can explain that antibodies are proteins produced by B
cells, and each antibody is specific to a particular antigen.
10. I can explain how a second exposure to an antigen results
in a more rapid and enhanced immune response.

Wednesday
October 12
Thursday
October 13
Immune System

Notes


Class Activity
Nervous System
Notes
Neuron
Communication
Activity/Modeling
Friday
October 14
Quiz – ch. 43, 48
Nervous System
Chapter 48: Neurons Synapses and Signaling
1. I can explain how cells communicate over short distances
by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of
the emitting cell, such as:
a.
Neurotransmitters
2. I can explain how the neuron is the basic structure of the
nervous system that reflects function.
3. I can explain how a typical neuron has a cell body, axon,
and dendrites. Many axons have a myelin sheath that acts
as an electrical insulator.
4. I can explain how the structure of the neuron allows for
the detection, generation, transmission, and integration of
signal information.
5. I can explain how Schwann cells, which form the myelin
sheath, are separated by gaps of unsheathed axon over
which the impulse travels as the signal propagate along
the neuron.
6. I can explain how action potentials propagate impulses
along neurons.
7. I can explain how membranes of neurons are polarized by
the establishment of electrical potentials across the
membranes.
8. I can explain how in response to a stimulus, Na+ and K+
gated channels sequentially open and cause the
membrane to become locally depolarized.
9. I can explain how Na+/K+ pumps, powered by ATP, work to
maintain membrane potential.
10. I can explain how the transmission of information between
neurons occurs across synapse.
11. I can explain how, in most animals, transmission across
synapses involves chemical messengers called
neurotransmitters, such as:
a.
Acetylcholine
b. Epinephrine
c.
Norepinephrine
d. Dopamine
e. Serotonin
f.
GABA
12. I can explain how transmission of information along
neurons and synapses results in a response and that the
response can be stimulatory or inhibitory.
13. I can explain how interactions and coordination between
systems provide essential biological activities, such as:
a.
Nervous and muscular



Mastering Biology Chapter 43
quiz by 11:59pm
Read Chapter 48
Chapter 48 one-pager due
Monday October 17
Prezi on Nervous System
Videos to watch:
o Nervous System
o Crash Course:
Nervous System
Read Chapter 49.2 (p. 10671072)
Monday
October 17
Nervous System
Neuron
Webquest
Tuesday
October 18
Endocrine System
Notes
Blood Sugar
POGIL???
Rat Activity???
Wednesday
October 19
Thursday
October 20
Endocrine System
Hormone All
About Me
Research and
Presentations
Endocrine System
Hormone All
About me
Presentations
Rat Hormone
Chapter 49: Nervous Systems (section 49.2 only)
1. I can explain how, in animals, internal and external signals
regulate a variety of physiological responses that
synchronize with environmental cycles and cues, such as:
a. Circadian rhythms, or the physiological cycle of
about 24 hours that is present in all eukaryotes
and persists even in the absence of external cues
b. Diurnal/nocturnal and sleep/awake cycles
c. Jet lag in humans
2. I can explain how different regions of the vertebrate brain
have different functions, such as:
a. Vision
b. Hearing
c. Muscle movement
d. Abstract thought and emotions
e. Neuro-hormone production
f. Forebrain (cerebrum), midbrain (brainstem) and
hindbrain (cerebellum)
g. Right and left cerebral hemispheres in humans
Chapter 45: Hormones and The Endocrine System (sections
45.1-45.2 only)
1. I can explain that in multi-cellular organisms, signal
transduction pathways coordinate activities within
individual cells that support the function of the organism
as a whole, such as:
2. Epinephrine stimulation of glycogen breakdown in
mammals
3. I can explain how signals released by one cell type can
travel long distances to target cells of another cell type.
a. Endocrine signals are produced by endocrine cells
that release signaling molecules, which are
specific and can travel long distances through the
blood to reach all parts of the body, such as:
i. Insulin
ii. Human growth hormone
iii. Thyroid hormones
iv. Testosterone
v. Estrogen
4. I can explain how alteration in the mechanisms of
feedback often results in deleterious consequences, such
as:
a. Diabetes mellitus in response to decreased insulin
b. Dehydration in response to decreased antidiuretic
hormone (ADH)
c. Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism)
d. Blood clotting

Mastering Biology Chapter 48
quiz by 11:59pm

Mastering Biology chapter 40
quiz by 11:59pm
Read Chapter 45.1-45.2



Prezi on Hormonal Control
Videos to watch:
o Endocrine System
o Crash Course:
Endocrine System
Friday
October 21
Quiz – ch. 45, 49
Review
Cell
Communication
Timing &
Coordination in
Prokaryotes,
Protists, Fungi &
Plants
TED talk
Biofilm Bacteria
Project
Monday
October 24
Present Biofilm
Projects
Timing &
Coordination in
Plants
Fruit Ripening Lab
Tuesday
October 25
Timing &
Coordination in
Plants
Notes
Activity???
I can explain how cells communicate over short distances
by using local regulators that target cells in the vicinity of
the emitting cell, such as:
a.
Quorum sensing in bacteria
2. I can explain that in single-celled organisms, signal
transduction pathways influence how a cell responds to its
environment, such as:
a.
Use of chemical messengers by microbes to
communicate with other nearby cells and to
regulate specific pathways in response to
population density (quorum sensing).
3. I can explain that in fungi, protists, and bacteria, internal
and external signals regulate a variety of physiological
responses that synchronize with environmental cycles and
cues, such as:
a.
Fruiting body formation in fungi, slime molds, and
certain types of bacteria
b. Quorum sensing in bacteria
4. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their
environment through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms, such as:
a.
Chemotaxis in bacteria, sexual reproduction in
fungi
Chapter 38: Angiosperm Reproduction & Biotechnology
(section 38.1 only)
8. I can explain how cells communicate by cell-to-cell contact,
such as:
a.
Plasmodesmata between plant cells that allow
material to be transported from cell to cell.
9. I can explain that reproduction and rearing of offspring
require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and
growth. Different organisms use various reproductive
strategies in response to energy available, such as:
a.
Seasonal reproduction in plants
b. Life history strategy (biennial plants)
10. I can explain temperature and availability of water
determine seed germination in most plants.
11. I can explain how cooperative behavior within or between
populations contributes to the survival of the populations,
such as:
a. Biology of pollination
Chapter 39: Plant Responses to Internal & External Signals
(skip section 39.4)
1. I can explain how, in plants, physiological events involve
interactions between environmental stimuli and internal
molecular signals, including:
a.
Phototropism, or response to the presence of
light.
b. Photoperiodism, or the response to the change in
the length of the night, that results in flowering in
long-day and short-day plants.
2. I can explain how responses to information and
communication of information are vital to natural
selection.
a.
In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the light
source lead to differential growth, resulting in
maximum exposure of leaves to light for
photosynthesis.
b. In photoperiodism in plants, changes in the length
1.

Read chapter 51

Read chapter 39
Wednesday
October 26
Animal Behavior
Notes
Animal Behavior
Video WS
of night regulate flowering and preparation for
winter.
3. I can explain how negative feedback mechanisms maintain
dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable)
by regulating physiological processes, returning the
changing condition back to its target set point, such as:
a.
Plant responses to water limitations
4. I can explain how p ositive feedback mechanisms amplify
responses and processes in biological organisms. The
variable initiating the response is moved farther away
from the initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the
stimulus is further activated, which, in turn, initiates an
additional response that produces system change. An
example in plants includes:
a.
Ripening in fruit
5. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their
environment through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms, such as:
a.
Photoperiodism and phototropism in plants
6. I can explain that plants, invertebrates and vertebrates
have multiple, nonspecific immune responses, such as:
a.
Plant defenses against pathogens include
molecular recognition systems with systemic
responses; infection triggers chemical responses
that destroy infected and adjacent cells, thus
localizing the effects.
7. I can explain how signal transmission within and between
cells mediates gene expression, such as:
a.
Ethylene levels cause changes in the production
of different enzymes, allowing fruit to ripen
b. Seed germination and gibberellin
Chapter 51: Animal Behavior
1. I can explain that reproduction and rearing of offspring
require free energy beyond that used for maintenance and
growth. Different organisms use various reproductive
strategies in response to energy available, such as:
a.
Seasonal reproduction in animals
b. Life history strategy (reproductive diapause)
2. I can explain how individuals can act on information and
communicate it to others.
a.
Innate behaviors are behaviors that are
learned.
b. Learning occurs through interactions with the
environment and other organisms.
3. I can explain how responses to information and
communication of information are vital to natural
selection.
a.
Behaviors in animals are triggered by
environmental cues and are vital to
reproduction, natural selection and survival,
such as:
i. Hibernation
ii. Estivation
iii. Migration
iv. Courtship
4. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their
environment through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms, such as:
a.
Taxis and kinesis in animals
5. I can explain how organisms exchange information with

Pre-lab AP Lab 12
Thursday
October 27
Timing &
Coordination in
Animals
Activity???
each other in response to internal changes and external
cues, which can change behavior, such as:
a.
Fight or flight response
b. Predator warnings
c.
Protection of young
d. Avoidance responses
6. I can explain how communication occurs through various
mechanisms and that living systems have a variety of
signal behaviors or cues that produce changes in the
behavior of other organisms and can result in differential
reproductive success, such as:
a.
Territorial marking in mammals
7. I can explain how animals use visual, audible, tactile,
electrical and chemical signals to indicate dominance, find
food, establish territory and ensure reproductive success,
such as:
a.
Bee dances
b. Birds songs
c.
Territorial marking in mammals
d. Pack behavior in animals
e. Herd, flock and schooling behavior in animals
f.
Predator warning
g.
Colony and swarming behavior in insects
h. Coloration
8. I can explain how responses to information and
communication of information are vital to natural
selection and evolution.
9. I can explain how natural selection favors innate and
learned behaviors that increase survival and reproductive
fitness, such as:
a.
Parent and offspring interactions
b. Migration patterns
c.
Courtship and mating behaviors
d. Foraging in bees and other animals
e. Avoidance behavior to electric fences,
poisons or traps
10. I can explain how cooperative behavior tends to increase
the fitness of the individual and the survival of the
population, such as:
a.
Pack behavior in animals
b. Herd, flock and schooling behavior in animals
c.
Predator warning
d. Colony and swarming behavior in insects
Chapter 40: Animal Form and Function
1. I can explain how organisms use various strategies to
regulate body temperature and metabolism, such as:
a. Endothermy (the use of thermal energy
generated by metabolism to maintain
homeostatic body temperatures)
b. Ectothermy (the use of external thermal
energy to help regulate and maintain body
temperature)
2. I can explain that there is a relationship between
metabolic rate per unit body mass and the size of
multicellular organisms – generally, the smaller the
organism, the higher the metabolic rate.
3. I can explain how negative feedback mechanisms maintain
dynamic homeostasis for a particular condition (variable)
by regulating physiological processes, returning the
changing condition back to its target set point, such as:



Mastering Biology Chapter 39
quiz by 11:59pm
Read chapter 40
Chapter 40 one-pager due
Wednesday, 2/3!
a. Temperature regulation in animals
I can explain how positive feedback mechanisms amplify
responses and processes in biological organisms. The
variable initiating the response is moved farther away
from the initial set-point. Amplification occurs when the
stimulus is further activated, which, in turn, initiates an
additional response that produces system change.
Examples in animals include:
a. Lactation in mammals
b. Onset of labor in childbirth
5. I can explain how organisms respond to changes in their
environment through behavioral and physiological
mechanisms, such as:
a. Nocturnal and diurnal activity: circadian
rhythms
b. Shivering and sweating in humans
6. I can explain how continuity of homeostatic mechanisms
reflects common ancestry, while changes may occur in
response to different environmental conditions.
7. I can explain how organisms have various mechanisms for
obtaining nutrients and eliminating wastes, such as:
a. Digestive mechanisms in animals such as food
vacuoles, gastrovascular cavities, one-way
digestive systems
b. Respiratory systems of aquatic and terrestrial
animals
c. Nitrogenous waste production and
elimination in aquatic and terrestrial animals
8. I can explain how homeostatic control systems of
microbes, plants, and animals support common ancestry,
such as:
a. Excretory systems in flatworms, earthworms,
and vertebrates
b. Osmoregulation in bacteria, fish and protists
c. Circulatory systems in fish, amphibians, and
mammals
d. Thermoregulation in aquatic and terrestrial
animals (countercurrent exchange
mechanisms)
9. I can explain how within multicellular organisms,
specialization of organs contributes to the overall
functioning of the organism, such as:
a. Exchange of gases
b. Circulation of fluids
c. Digestion of food
d. Excretion of wastes
10. I can explain how interactions and coordination between
organs provide essential biological activities, such as:
a. Stomach and small intestines
b. Kidney and bladder
4.
Chapter 47: Animal Development (section 47.3 only)
1. I can explain how homeotic genes are involved in
developmental patterns and sequences.
2. I can explain how embryonic induction in development
results in the correct timing of events.
3. I can explain how genetic mutations can result in abnormal
development.
4. I can explain how signal transmission within and between
cells mediates cell function, such as:
a.
Friday
October 28
Feedback
Mechanisms in
Animals
HOX genes and their role in development


Activity???
Monday
October 31
Tuesday
November 1
Wednesday
November 2
AP Lab 12: Animal
Behavior
AP Lab 12: Animal
Behavior
Unit 3 Test


Prezi On Homeostasis and
Physiology (focus on the very
last part of this)
Videos to watch:
o Homeostasis Loops
o Positive and Negative
Feedback
o Organ Systems
Mastering Biology Chapter 51
quiz by 11:59pm
AP Lab 12 Report due
Tuesday, November 8