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A is for Allele!! But what is an allele?? Mendel (Father of Genetics) studied the
height of pea plants. Some were tall and some were short.
1. An allele in the example above is: a) height
b) tall
c) Mendel
B is for baboon. Baboon fur is a shade of olive or brown. If Brown is dominant and
olive is recessive,
2. What is the genotype for an olive furred baboon? _____________________
3. What are the genotypes for a brown furred baboon? (two answers) ______
_______
Sharing 91% DNA similarities with humans is the Baboon. This particular Monkey is often argued
to be an Ape instead. However, science has placed them into the area of being a Monkey based
on a variety of contributing factors. There are 5 species of the Baboon and they are all part of the
Old World Monkeys.
The Baboon certainly does have many characteristics that are different from other Monkeys. For
example almost all Monkey species have a very flat nose. This one though features a very long
and large nose. It consumes most of their face and so you can’t overlook exactly what type of
Monkey it happens to be. The males have a nose that can be up to 7 times larger than that of the
females. However, both genders do have a nose that you can’t help but notice!
C is for color-blindness.
4. Color-blindness is a
incomplete
a) sex-linked trait
b) dominant trait
c)
Dominance
5. Create a Punnett Square. Mom is a carrier (heterozygous) for color blindness
and dad has normal vision.
Color blindness is not a form of blindness at all, but a deficiency in the way you see color. With this vision
problem, you have difficulty distinguishing certain colors, such as blue and yellow or red and green.
Color blindness (or, more accurately, color vision deficiency) is an inherited condition that affects males
more frequently than females. According to Prevent Blindness America, an estimated 8 percent of males
and less than 1 percent of females have color vision problems.
Red-green color deficiency is the most common form of color blindness.
Much more rarely, a person may inherit a trait that reduces the ability to see blue and yellow hues. This
blue-yellow color deficiency usually affects men and women equally.
D is for Dominant! Dominant traits are expressed any time there is at least one
dominant allele.
6. How would you write the allele for the dominant trait – tall? ____________
7. In the Punnett Square, what percentage of the offspring shows the dominant
trait TALL? ______________
TT
TT
Tt
Tt
SIX FINGERS IS A DOMINANT TRAIT! Whether or not a gene is dominant isn't the same as whether
it is common, and in the case of the gene causing six fingers, it is indeed dominant, but also rare in the
population.
The gene is likely be rare because historically, people with six fingers have found it harder to find a
partner and so passed on their genes to fewer children than their five-fingered neighbors.
In modern times however, the sixth finger is removed from a child shortly after birth. Whether this
results in an increase in people with six fingers isn't simple to predict - assuming the six-finger gene has
no other effects, surgical removal of the sixth finger would remove the selective disadvantage but not
confer any advantage, effectively rendering the gene neutral. If the practice of finger-removal was
continued over a long enough time for evolution to have an effect, since the six-finger gene is rare it will
most likely die out of the population over thousands of years
E is for Egg. This is one of two possible gametes.
8. What is the other gamete? __________________
9. What is the female gamete?__________________
10. What is the male gamete?____________________
11. What is the process called when the two combine? ________________________
12. What is the process called to make the gametes?
a) mitosis b) meiosis c) fertilization
You might be surprised to find out that the human egg is one of the biggest cells in a woman’s
body. It is about the size of a grain of sand and can actually be seen with the naked eye. To put
this into perspective, an egg is about 4 times bigger than a skin cell, 26 times bigger than a red
blood cell, and 16 times bigger than a sperm!
Once the egg has matured and is released from the ovary during ovulation, it goes into the
fallopian tube where it lives for 12 to 24 hours. Conception is possible if sperm is already present in
the fallopian tubes when the egg is released. Sperm can reach the egg in as little as 30 minutes. If
conception is successful, the newly fertilized egg will travel out of the fallopian tube and implant
into the uterus 6 to 10 days later. If the egg is not fertilized, it will simply dissolve and pass out with
the menstrual flow.
F is for Family! A pedigree chart traces traits through a family.
The pedigree is a standard tool used by researchers. For example, in studies aimed at identifying genes
that cause human genetic disorders, researchers must collect detailed information on relatives
participating in the study, particularly those relatives who are affected with the disorder. Researchers
compare the genes of affected individuals with the genes of those who did not inherit the disorder to
identify the specific genes responsible. In other studies the disease-causing gene is known, and
researchers study the gene mutation (s). A pedigree can help identify which family members should be
included in mutation analysis, as only those family members who are affected or are at-risk could carry a
mutation. Researchers can also pictorially show laboratory data, such as genotypes or haplotypes , on
the pedigree.
G is for genotype. Genotypes explain how the genetic makeup of the trait appears.
This is shown as two alleles (usually the capital or lower case forms of ONE letter).
F
f
F
FF
Ff
f
Ff
ff
F = Full Lips
f = Thin lips
19. What are the genotypes of the parents in the punnett square? _______ ________
20. What are the possible genotypes of the offspring? (in the punnett square?)________
21. What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring? ______________________________
22. What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous for Full Lips? __________
23. What percentage of the offspring will be homozygous for Thin Lips? __________
24. What percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous for Full Lips? __________
25. What percentage of the offspring will be heterozygous for Thin Lips? __________
Many animal species have lips, of course. But only human lips have such a distinct border between the
pinkish, reddish parts and the surrounding skin, according to LiveScience. Scientists call this the
“vermilion border.”
H is for both Heterozygous and Homozygous! You must know the difference!!!
One means that both alleles of the genotype are the same! The other indicates that
genotype has two different alleles.
Write He for Heterozygous and Ho for Homozygous.
26. TT
27. Pp
28. dd
29. Ff
30. Which of the above would also be hybrid? ________________________
The concept of homozygous and heterozygous gene pairs is very
important when having a child. Due to the fact that a child receives a gene from
both his/her mother and father, there are multiple outcomes in which different
traits area visible in that child.
When a child is considered homozygous, they have received the same exact
gene from both parents. There are two types of homozygous traits, homozygous
dominant and homozygous recessive. When a person is homozygous recessive, they
have inherited a recessive gene from both the mother and the father. A recessive
gene is a gene that normally would not appear visible in a person with that
gene. The exception to recessive genes lying undetectable is when the child
receives the same recessive gene from both parents and, thusly, is homozygous
recessive. When a person is homozygous dominant, however, they have received a
dominant gene from both parents. As with a homozygous recessive person, the
genes are exactly alike. The only difference between homozygous dominant and
homozygous recessive is the fact that the genes given for a homozygous dominant
trait would appear evident even in a heterozygous gene pair.
When a child is considered heterozygous,
they have received a different
gene from each parent and, thusly, only
show the trait that is dominant.
Although the child will only display what trait
is considered dominant, the
recessive trait will lay ‘dormant’ within their
genetic structure and can be
passed down to their offspring as well.
I is for incomplete dominance. One allele does not completely dominate another
allele, and therefore results in a new phenotype during a cross of incomplete
dominant traits. MAKE PUNNETT SQUARES FOR QUESTIONS 32 & 33!!
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Examples of incomplete dominance are:
A snapdragon flower that is pink as a result of cross-pollination between a red flower and a white flower when neither the white nor
the red alleles are dominant.
A brown fur coat on a rabbit as a result of one rabbit's red allele and one rabbit's white allele not dominating.
A child with wavy hair as a result of one parent's curly hair and the other's straight hair.
An Andalusian foul produced from a black and a white parent is blue.
A carnation that is pink that is a result of cross-pollination between a red carnation and a white carnation.
J is for Jumbled! Often when there is a genetic disorder like Down Syndrome there
is a jumbled mess during the process of making gametes!
Explain what happens in each stage of Meiosis II.
34. Prophase II
35. Metaphase II
36. Anaphase II
37. Telophase II
38. Explain using the information above to explain how a person might be born with
Down’s syndrome.
The advantage of Down syndrome screening tests is that they only require a blood test from
the mother, and possibly an ultrasound, so there is no risk to the pregnancy. The
diagnostic tests for Down syndrome require putting a needle into the uterus or placenta and
removing some fluid or tissue.
K is for King Henry VIII. King Henry really wanted a male heir!!
39. What are the sex-chromosomes for a male? __________
40. What are the sex-chromosomes for a female? __________
41. If a male gamete (sperm) were to fertilize and egg, what will the sex of the
offspring be? ___________
42. Why is the male responsible for the gender of the offspring? _______________
_____________________________________________________________________________
Katherine of Aragon
Divorced
The first of Henry VIII's six wives, Katherine of Aragon (1485-1536) was a Spanish princess who was married
to Henry for 18 years before he began divorce proceedings in his desperation to re-marry and produce a male heir.
Katherine had been pregnant six times but only one daughter, Princess Mary, later Mary I, had survived. Dying in
1536, Katherine wrote to Henry: 'Lastly, I make this vow, that mine eyes desire you above all things. Farewell.'
Anne Boleyn
Beheaded
The second of Henry VIII's six wives, Anne Boleyn (c1501-1536) was married to the King for only three years
from 1533-1536.
Instead of the sought after male heir, Anne was pregnant with another princess, Elizabeth (later Elizabeth I).
Anne was supported by religious reformers but was also hated by many at court. After a miscarriage, her fate was
sealed and she was arrested (and later executed at the Tower of London) for adultery and incest.
Jane Seymour
Died
Jane Seymour (c1509-1537) was the third of Henry VIII's six wives and the only wife to provide the King with the
much longed for son and male heir.
Having married Henry in May 1536, she gave birth to Prince Edward (later Edward VI) at Hampton Court Palace in
1537 but died soon afterwards.
Henry had his son but grieved: 'Providence has mingled my joy with the bitterness of the death of her who brought me
this happiness.'
Anne of Cleves
Divorced
Anne of Cleves (1515-1557) was the fourth of Henry VIII's six wives and at 24 was half Henry's age when they
married in January 1540.
Henry first saw Anne of Cleves in a painting by Hans Holbein but in the flesh, Henry found Anne unattractive and
began pursuing one of her maids of honour, Catherine Howard.
After six months the marriage was annulled yet Anne remained in England and on good terms with Henry VIII. He
commanded that she be treated as 'the king's sister'
Catherine Howard
Beheaded
Henry VIII's fifth wife was an alluring teenager named Catherine Howard (c1522-1542).
Married three weeks after his second divorce, rumours of Catherine's past and present love affairs reached a furious
Henry. She was arrested at Hampton Court Palace and later taken to the Tower of London where she was beheaded in
February 1542, aged about 21.
Kateryn Parr
Survived
Kateryn Parr (1512-1548) was the last of Henry VIII's six wives.
Intelligent and devout, Kateryn loved Thomas Seymour but Henry's proposal could not be refused. She and Henry VIII
married at Hampton Court Palace in July 1543. He was 52, she was 31.
After the King's death in 1547, Kateryn was free to marry Seymour but she died 15 months later, aged 36, having given
birth to their daughter.