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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY
PROPOSAL FOR FUNDING FOR THE PREPARATION OF
A NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM OF ACTION (NAPA)
Country name:
Eritrea
Project title:
Development of a National Adaptation Programme
of Action (NAPA)
GEF Implementing Agency:
United Nations Development Programme
GEF operational focal point:
Tekleab Mesghena, Ministry of Land, Water and
Environment
Climate change focal point:
Tekleab Mesghena, Ministry of Land, Water and
Environment
National executing agency:
Department of Environment (DoE)
Country eligibility:
(i) LDC status
UNCTAD/LDC/Misc.72
(ii) Date of UNFCCC
Ratified in April 1995, Entered into Force in July
1995
GEF financing:
US$ 200,000
Government contribution:
US$ 17,600
Estimated total budget:
US$ 217,600
Estimated starting date:
December 2002
Duration:
18 months
Table of Contents
List of Acronyms
iii
1.Background
1
2.Institutional Context
4
3.Objectives and Linkages to Ongoing Activities
5
(a)
Objectives of the project ......................................................................................................... 5
(b)
Status of enabling activities under multilateral environmental agreements ............................ 6
(c)
Status of related MEA activities............................................................................................ 10
(d)
Status of other related activities ............................................................................................ 10
4.Project Activities and Outputs
17
a)
Establish institutional structure for the preparation of the NAPA document ........................ 17
b)
Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team .................................................... 18
c)
Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change ............................... 19
d)
Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability .............. 20
e)
Identify key climate change adaptation measures ................................................................. 22
f)
Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities ................................... 23
g)
Develop proposals for priority adaptation activities, including stakholder consultations ..... 24
h)
Distribute draft NAPA document for public review ............................................................. 25
i)
Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society representatives ............ 25
j)
Disseminate NAPA document to Public.................................................................................... 26
5.Institutional Arrangements for Oversight and Coordination
(a)
High level political oversight, coordination and policy integration ...................................... 26
(b)
Project management and operational coordination ............................................................... 27
26
Coordination with climate change team for the country’s national communication to the
UNFCCC .......................................................................................................................................... 29
(c)
(d)
Coordination with other teams for the preparation of national reports ................................. 29
6.Timetable
30
7.Budget
33
Annex 1: List of References
35
i
Annex 2: Overview of the Consultative Process
36
Annex 3: Job Descriptions
41
ii
List of Acronyms
APF
Adaptation Policy Framework
NAPA
CATF
Consultative Assessment Task
Force
National Adaptation Programme
of Action
NAPCD
National Action Programme for
combating desertification
DAE
Desk for Agricultural Extension
DoE
Department of Environment
NBSAP
National Biodiversity Strategy
and Action Plan
ECATF
Evaluation Criteria Assessment
Task Force
NCSU
National Communications
Support Unit
EEA
Eritrean Environmental Agency
GCM
General Circulation Model
NEMP-E National Environmental
Management Plan for Eritrea
GEF
Global Environment Facility
NGO
Non-governmental organization
GoE
Government of Eritrea
NPCU
ICMPEC International Cooperation, Macro
Policy and Economic
Coordination
National Project Coordination
Unit
PA-C
NAPA project assistant to
coordinate consultative process
IGAD
Intergovernmental Authority on
Development
PA-T
INC
First National Communications
under the Framework
Convention on Climate Change
NAPA project assistant to
coordinate technical report
preparation process
PPTF
Project Portfolio Task Force
SATF
Synergy Assessment Task Force
IPCC
Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change
SC
Steering Committee
IFS
Integrated Farming Systems
SG
Stakeholder group
LDC
Least Developed Country
TC
Technical Committee
LEG
Least Developed Country Expert
Group
TOR
Terms of Reference
UNCBD
United Nations Framework
Convention on Biological
Diversity
UNCCD
United Nations Framework
Convention to Combat
desertification
MAT
Multidisciplinary Assessment
Team
MEA
Multilateral Environmental
Agreement
MoA
Ministry of Agriculture
MoEM
Ministry of Energy and Mines
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on
Trade and Development
MLWE
Ministry of Land Water and
Environment
UNDAF
United Nations Development
Assistance Framework
MOTC
Ministry of Transportation and
Communication
UNDP
United Nations Development
Programme
iii
UNFCCC United Nations Framework
Convention on Climate Change
UNSO
Unite Nations Office to Combat
Desertification and Drought
V&A
vulnerability and adaptation
WSSD
World Summit on Sustainable
Development
ZPCU
Zonal Project Coordination Unit
4
1. Background
1.
Located in the Horn of Africa, Eritrea occupies a total area of just over 120 thousand square
kilometers, the majority of which is arid land. Throughout much of the country, water
resources are limited, soil fertility is low, and drought is common. Compounded by a range
of human pressures, these underlying conditions create a state of vulnerability to climate
impacts, and a troubling picture of the country’s vulnerability to anticipated climate change.
2.
Eritrea is bordered to the north and west by Sudan, to the south by Ethiopia, and shares a
small border to the southeast, with Djibouti. Endowed with a 1,900-kilometer coastline, the
country’s expansive territorial waters encompass 120,000 km2 of the Red Sea. Eritrea’s
geography can be divided into three general regions: the central highlands, the midlands
and the lowlands (DoE, 2001a).1
3.
As of 2001, Eritrea’s ethnically diverse population was 3.5 million, with an annual growth
rate of about 3 percent - one of the highest in the world. Because of the more favorable
highland climate, two thirds of the population resides in this region. More than 80 percent
of the population lives in rural areas.
4.
The Eritrean climate is currently diverse, ranging from semi-desert (39% of total land area),
to arid lowlands (34%), to temperate sub-humid pockets (<1%) and moist highlands (7.4%).
Mirroring this topographical variation, rainfall varies widely, from less than 100 mm per
year in certain parts of the coastal lowlands, to 700 mm in the central highlands, to more
than 900 mm annually in the small sub-humid zone.
5.
This geographical diversity means that certain of Eritrea’s ecological zones are confined to
small areas, with human communities, flora and fauna highly adapted to subsist within
them. Other zones are much larger, supporting the majority of the country’s agricultural
production.
6.
In both cases, climate change poses a major threat. For example, according to the country’s
First National Communications to the UNFCCC, under a scenario of doubling greenhouse
gas concentration, temperature across the country is expected to rise an average of 4.1
degrees Celsius over the next century, overshadowing the comparatively modest increase in
precipitation, and leading to increased pressures on the delicate agriculture and water
resources sectors. Under changing climatic conditions, resulting changes in the distribution
and productivity of Eritrea’s natural resources – its soils, surface waters, grasslands, and
forests – will have significant repercussions for many of its people (see Box 1.1).
7.
Currently, Eritrea is burdened with low human and economic development, serious
environmental problems, and a high degree of vulnerability to climatic variability. The
country’s major environmental problems are soil erosion, desertification, deforestation and
overgrazing – all compounded by loss of infrastructure from recent warfare. One of
Africa’s more industrialized areas in the mid-1900s, Eritrea’s colonial industrial
Unless otherwise noted, information for this section is drawn from Eritrea’s Initial National Communications Under the United
Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, DoE (2001a).
1
1
Box 1.1 Climate Change Impact Overview
Temperature in Eritrea is expected to
increase by about 40 C and precipitation will
show modest increases, according to general
circulation models under a doubling of CO2,
potentially leading to the following impacts
(DoE, 2001a):
Agriculture: Two crops, sorghum and
barley, were assessed. Growth duration and
biological yields of barley would decrease
both under rain fed and irrigated conditions.
Analysis also predicted an increase in
growing period, which could result in
increase biological yields of sorghum under
both rain fed and irrigation.
Water: Nearly 30% less runoff would result,
relative to observed data, due to the
expected increase in temperature, which in
turn
would
lead
to
increased
evapotranspiration.
Forestry: Profound shifts in bio-climatic
zones are expected. For example, tropical
thorn
(Grasslands/Wooded
Grasslands)
woodland would come to dominate a large
portion of the central highlands, the eastern
and western escarpment, and central part of
the western lowland. Northern areas would
be overcome by tropical desert scrub (bush
lands / scrublands).
Coastal Environment: Ports would be
vulnerable to a 0.5 – 1.0-meter sea level rise.
Temperature increases could also adversely
affect local flora and fauna of coastal areas,
as well as the biological equilibrium of marine
life.
Human Health: Anopheles vectors would
increase and with it the incidence and
prevalence of malaria. The appearance of
malaria at altitudes close to 2000 meters is a
new phenomenon in the country, but with
increasing temperatures, the malaria altitude
belt is expected to widen. This could be
compounded by the already high incidence
and prevalence of diarrhea, upper respiratory
infection and malnutrition.
infrastructure fell into disrepair in later
colonial years and has suffered further
during the fighting with Ethiopia.
8.
In recent years, Eritrea has made
development strides, yet profound poverty
and other challenges persist. Factors such as
life expectancy (at 52 years), adult literacy
(at 55.7 %), school enrollment (at 26%), and
GDP per capita (at US$200/year) combine to
place Eritrea at 17th from the bottom of the
Human Development Index (at 157th).
According
to
the
UNDP
Human
Development Report (2002), more than half
of the country does not have access to
improved water sources, 53% lives below
the national poverty line, and 44% of all
children under five years of age are
underweight.
9.
Traditional
subsistence
agriculture
dominates the Eritrean economy, with over
80% of the population dependent upon crop
production and/or livestock husbandry to
support their livelihoods. Yet the sector’s
contribution to GDP is comparatively small,
indicating low productivity (MoLWE, 2002).
The sector is dominated by small-scale
farmers who employ largely rain-fed
practices – a state which renders Eritrea
highly vulnerable to climate variability (as
seen during past persistent drought), and thus
to climate change. Eradicating poverty
through improved agricultural production is
among Eritrea’s primary development
objectives. Its diverse agro-ecological zones
offer the potential to produce a range of
crops, as well as livestock. Yet production
remains low, due in large part to the
vulnerability of rain-fed practices to rainfall
variability and prolonged drought.
10. Sustainable use of its marine and coastal environment is seen as one of the most important
potential drivers of Eritrea’s development. Coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves provide the
coastal zone with important biodiversity, and in turn, fisheries and tourism potential. Yet,
2
as seen around the world, coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to extreme climatic events and
to the warming and extreme events associated with climate change.
11. Eritrea’s energy profile provides another telling view of the country’s development
circumstances. Throughout the country, biomass is still the major source of energy. The
energy balance for the year 2000 showed that total primary energy supply was around
725,000 tons of oil equivalent (toe), of which 65% was derived from local biomass fuels,
with the remainder coming from imported oil products (MOEM, 2001). There is a 500 kW
solar PV system in the country, installed mainly for water pumping, power health centers,
schools, communications, but this remains a minor factor in the larger energy balance. The
total final energy supply in 2000 was 653,550 toe, of which nearly 70% was consumed by
the household sector, 17.5% by the public and commercial sectors, 11% for transportation
and just under 3% by industry. Rural electrification levels are only 2%; overall, just 21% of
the Eritrean population has access to electricity (MOEM, 2001). Rural households continue
to get fully 95% of their energy from biomass sources, contributing to deforestation and
desertification.
12. Layered on top of the prevailing conditions of poverty and under-development,
environmental and climatic factors create a number of pressing challenges for Eritrea.
Desertification, brought on by human land-use pressures and recurrent drought, has
consumed significant land area and continues to threaten arable land. Depletion of forests
threatens species, communities, and reduces other services forests provide. These examples
represent the type of current environmental concerns that could be exacerbated under
climate change conditions.
13. In response to these challenges, Eritrea has sought support from the international
community to promote sustainable development. The country has engaged in international
environmental processes, developed national policies and plans, started strategic research
programs, implemented monitoring mechanisms, facilitated ground-level development
work, and sought to strengthen human and institutional capacity.
14. Eritrea is presently engaged in a range of efforts, as outlined in section 3, which if sustained
would support a sustainable development trajectory. Yet, its vulnerability to climate
change threatens to obstruct such efforts. Adaptation-related activities that build upon
existing national processes forge new linkages where possible, and break new ground
where needed, have the potential to reduce this vulnerability. The NAPA process - and the
scoping, consultation and prioritization processes embedded therein - offer a framework for
enabling adaptation action.
15. Despite its many challenges, Eritrea is a country with untapped resource potential – e.g.,
fisheries, mining and tourism – and human capability. While in certain respects, the
country is quite exposed to the potential impacts of climate change, it is simultaneously
poised to undertake proactive steps that can preempt certain negative impacts, mitigate
others, and enable the country to adapt to a changing climate.
3
2. Institutional Context
16. The Department of Environment (DoE), which was created in 1997 and placed under the
oversight of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, is now the National Focal Point
for the UNFCCC. In this role, the DoE is responsible for coordinating implementation of
the Convention; this coordination extends not only to government entities but, in some
cases, to NGOs as well. The Eritrean Environmental Agency (EEA) under the Ministry of
Local Government was initially responsible for environmental policy in Eritrea. In 1997,
however, the EEA was transformed into the DoE, which has both a national bureau and
offices in each of the country’s six administrative regions. Institutionally, the DoE’s
effectiveness has been recognized as constrained due to an inadequate legal framework for
environmental action (DoE, 2001b). However, the draft National Environmental Law will
be finalized soon and has the potential to significantly increase the DoE’s regulatory clout
and institutional strength.
17. In addition to DoE’s role, participation of certain government institutions – primarily the
national line ministries – has been essential for ensuring the effective implementation of the
UNFCCC activities.
In Eritrea, a national steering committee – the National Core
Planning Team – was created to assist in the coordination and harmonization of national
efforts relating to climate change. This Core Planning Team is composed of representatives
from several relevant ministries, including the Ministries of Land, Water and Environment
(MLWE), Mines and Energy, Agriculture, Fisheries, and Trade and Industry. Within
Ministries, particular departments, such as the Water Resources Department of MLWE
provided specialized support, while the University of Asmara (e.g., the Department of
Geography) provided key support in areas of research and training.
18. The coordination roles played by the DoE and the Core Planning Team are particularly
important given that the various line ministries are often responsible for environmental
issues relating to their specific sectors, while the issues to be addressed are often
intersectoral (as in the case of disaster planning or coastal zone management, for instance).
In certain cases, responsibilities for a sector are divided between ministries (i.e. some land
issues are addressed by the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, while others are
addressed by the Ministry of Agriculture).
19. Given the potential fragmentation of climate change responsibilities, a proposed change to
the institutional structure for UNFCCC implementation in Eritrea is the establishment of a
strong National Climate Change Secretariat under the Department of Environment. The
purpose of this Secretariat would be to take on the responsibility for coordination of
national climate change efforts.
4
3. Objectives and Linkages to Ongoing Activities
(a) Objectives of the project
20. The primary goal of the NAPA process is to broadly communicate to the international
community priority activities that address Eritrea’s urgent needs for adapting to the adverse
impacts of climate change.
21. To achieve its goal, the following specific objectives will be pursued:

Ensure adequate stakeholder representation in the development of the NAPA
document;

Identify a comprehensive range climate change adaptation strategies;

Establish country-driven criteria by which to evaluate and prioritize adaptation
measures;

Make consensus-based recommendations for adaptation activities; and

As needed, recommend capacity building, and policy, programme, and institutional
integration, as part of adaptation priority activities.
22. The NAPA process will consist of the following major types of activities:
 Scoping activities, through which available and pertinent information related to
vulnerability and adaptation options will be collected, reviewed and synthesized;
 Consultation activities, through which the perspectives of those most exposed to
climate impacts will be conveyed on both pressing vulnerabilities and promising
adaptation options; and
 Prioritization activities, through which country-driven criteria will be applied to
prioritize adaptation action.
23. As part of these activities, the following major types of tasks will be pursued:
 Establishing a NAPA team to coordinate activities and conduct multidisciplinary
assessments;
 Integrating a broad range of Eritrean stakeholder perspectives in the NAPA
document;
 Identifying a comprehensive set of potential climate change adaptation activities
based on a review of existing action plans developed to comply with multilateral
environmental agreements and other sustainable development initiatives;
 Developing country-driven criteria by which to evaluate and prioritize potential
climate adaptation activities;
 Summarizing a set of consensus-driven set of high priority adaptation activities into a
finalized NAPA document and adaptation activity portfolio; and
 Disseminating the results of the NAPA process to the Eritrean public.
5
24. Understanding and exploiting potential synergies between climate change adaptation and
existing national action plans for promoting sustainable development underlie the
objectives of the Eritrean NAPA process. There are believed to be numerous initiatives,
projects, and/or strategies already proposed or in effect, upon which the NAPA process
could build. For example, Action Plans meeting multilateral environmental agreement
(MEA) objectives can complement objectives for adapting to the adverse impacts of climate
change. The NAPA process will synthesize and build upon the experience and investment
of relevant MEAs, government programs, GEF activities, etc., discussed below.
(b) Status of enabling activities under multilateral environmental agreements
25. Over the past several years, Eritrea has made significant strides in strengthening technical
capacity as participants in the following multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs):
 Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC);
 Framework convention on biological diversity (UNCBD); and
 Framework convention to combat desertification (UNCCD).
26. Each of these MEAs has evolved along quite distinct paths in Eritrea, with different
communication products, institutional leads, and schedule, as shown in Table 3.1.
Importantly, current versions of the national action plans contain certain elements that
contribute directly to preserving biological diversity and combating desertification, while
contributing implicitly to enhancing local resilience to climate change. The NAPA process
will seek to identify specific initiatives that could be credited as climate adaptation
activities. This process will enhance local capacity in exploiting the range of positive
synergies embedded in the national discourse for enhancing environmental quality.
Table 3.1: Status of Key MEAs Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation
Convention
UN Framework
Convention on
Climate Change
Convention on
Biological
Diversity
UN Convention
to Combat
Desertification
Communication
Signature
Accession
Eritrea’s Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC
Signature
Accession
National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (1 st National
Report)
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2nd National
Report, Jan-April 1998)
Signature
Ratification
National Action Programme to Combat Desertification
National Report on the Implementation of the UNCCD
The Second National Report on the Implementation of UNCCD
6
Lead
--GoE
DoE
--GoE
DoE
DoE
DoE
----MoA
MoA
MoA
Submission
--April 1995
September
2002
--March 1996
August 2000
January 1998
Under
Preparation
October 1994
August 1996
January 2002
May 1999
April 2002
27. As will be seen in the following sections, there are ample opportunities for actions taken
under the various conventions to complement actions taken to promote climate change
adaptation, as protection of biodiversity and combating land degradation will both enhance
the resilience of the country’s social, economic, and ecological systems. Indeed, the key
challenges that have been identified for adaptation are often representative of a more
general need to build local and national capacity for effective environmental management.
28. Eritrea acceded to the UNFCCC on April 24, 1995 and in 1997 designated the Department
of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment as its National Focal Point
(DoE, 2001a).2 In addition, an inter-institutional Core Planning Team is responsible for
coordinating implementation of the UNFCCC (see section 2).
29. Eritrea’s Initial National Communication (INC), submitted in September 2002, emphasizes
that mitigation of greenhouse gases is a relatively low priority for the country, although
where mitigation activities are supportive of other goals (such as poverty alleviation) these
possibilities will be pursued. Some potential activities in this area include
reforestation/afforestation, renewable energy technologies, and public transportation. Of
much higher priority, however, are adaptation activities, which are often highly consistent
with national objectives of food security and poverty reduction.
30. Vulnerability assessments reported in the INC focused on the following five sectors:
 Agriculture: reduced barley yield resulting from higher temperatures and moisture
and nutrient stress;
 Water Resources: Up to 29.5% reduction in run-off in the Mereb-Gash basin, an
area with relatively high agricultural potential;
 Forestry: Potentially dramatic shifts in distribution and area of forest types;
 Coastal Environment: Submersion of infrastructure and other economic installations
in the port city of Massawa; and
 Human Health: expansion of the malaria belt to higher altitudes, with corresponding
increases in the number of malaria cases.
31. In many cases, there are opportunities for substantial synergies among the actions
recommended for climate change adaptation and those proposed in the context of the UN
CBD and UNCCD (described below). Some examples of these potential synergies are
shown in Table 3.2.
32. Eritrea ratified the UNCBD in March 1996. Institutionally, the national focal point is also
the DoE of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (DoE, 2000; DoE, 1997). Other
partner institutions include the Ministry of Agriculture (for agro-biodiversity), the Ministry
of Fisheries (for marine biodiversity and coastal zone management), and the University of
Asmara (for training and research).
Unless otherwise noted, information in this section comes primarily from Eritrea’s Initial National
Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Asmara:
Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, 2001).
2
7
Table 3.2: Examples of proposed adaptation options and potential complementarity with the
biodiversity and desertification conventions
INC (UNFCCC)
Sector
Agriculture
Water
Forestry
Coastal
Environment
Action Type
NBSAP (CBD)
NAP (CCD)
Sample Recommended Action
Soil and water
conservation
Protect and sustainably
use natural resource
base on which
agriculture depends
Improve crop
management practices
that enhance soil
moisture retention of
agricultural land
Encourage agricultural
practices that promote
soil and water
conservation (such as
mixed cropping, contour
cultivation, etc.)
Disaster
preparedness
Construct a
comprehensive
information system and
early warning system
Design a monitoring
program to identify
changes in crop and
forage diversity at farm
level
Develop a national
Drought-Preparedness
and Mitigation Plan
Conservation
through pricing
Institute effective water
pricing policies
NA
Ensure that all water
users pay appropriately
regulated prices for the
water used
Information
systems
Establish and
strengthen a national
meteorological and
hydrological information
system
NA
Create monitoring
systems for surface
water, ground water,
and water quality
Protected
areas
Delineate areas for the
conservation of forest
genetic resources
Identify, survey, and
demarcate borders of
representative protected
areas
Establish gazetted
protected areas
Fuelwood
demand
management
Improve wood stoves
and substitute with
alternative energy
sources
Substitute fuelwood
Disseminate improved
traditional wood stoves
Coastal zone
planning
Develop an integrated
coastal zone
management plan
Formulate an integrated
Coastal Marine and
Island Development and
Zoning Plan
NA
33. The process of preparing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP)
began in June 1997 and extended through July 2000. Two assessment reports were also
prepared as a part of this process: the Eritrea Biodiversity Stocktaking Assessment Report
and the Eritrea Biodiversity Economic Assessment.
34. Through the NBSAP process, ten clusters of activities (“themes”) were identified as being
of particular importance in the Eritrean context:
 Integrated management
 Sustainable use of natural resources
 Alien invasive species
 Pollution management
8






In-situ conservation
Ex-situ conservation
Taxonomic knowledge
Information acquisition and storage
Public awareness and education
Legal and institutional structure
35. These themes are intended to facilitate linkages among activities involving a variety of
institutions and addressing the three major types of biodiversity of concern in Eritrea:
terrestrial, marine, and agricultural. Follow-up action on the NBSAP has been limited thus
far (DoE, 2001b).
36. Potential linkages between UNFCCC adaptation and UNCBD activities are evident in the
Forestry, Agriculture, and Coastal Area sectors, where protecting biodiversity will yield
climate change adaptation benefits.
37. Land degradation is considered by many to be one of Eritrea’s most pressing environmental
challenges. Accordingly, Eritrea signed the UNCCD in October 1994, ratified it in August
1996, and has since submitted two National Reports as well as the National Action Program
(NAP) (MoA, 2002a; MoA, 2002b). Institutionally, unlike the UNFCCC and the UN CBD,
the national focal point for the UNCCD is the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). The MoA’s
Land Resources and Crop Production Department is the head of the UNCCD National
Coordination Body. Changes to the institutional structure for coordinating the UNCCD
have been proposed to improve coordination at all levels – from the national to the village.
38. The Ministry of Agriculture was responsible for developing the NAP, which was completed
in January 2002 with the assistance of UNDP-UNSO and IGAD, among others. The NAP is
designed around five “pillars”:
 Improving knowledge;
 Empowering people and institutions;
 Addressing the concerns of vulnerable groups (women and pastoralists);
 Reducing poverty through income-generation; and
 Arresting land degradation and controlling desertification
39. The MoA is currently carrying out and/or coordinating activities to support these goals,
including raising the productivity of traditional agriculture; improving control of water in
areas of rainfed agriculture; and initiatives to improve soil fertility, among others. Given the
importance of some of these issues to climate change adaptation, there are ample
opportunities for complementarity between UNCCD implementation and UNFCCC
adaptation activities (see Table 3.2).
40. Eritrea is now implementing a second enabling activity project under the CBD, entitled,
“Additional Funding for Biodiversity Enabling Activities”, with the World Bank as the
Implementing Agency. Under this project, capacity needs assessment will be carried out on
9
agro-biodiversity, alien invasive species, taxonomy and in-situ and ex-situ conservation.
These are intended to create an enabling environment for the country to implement the
National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan.
(c) Status of related MEA activities
41. As of August 2002, Eritrea is a formal party to a number of other, related environmental
conventions whose status is summarized in Table 3.3. While somewhat less relevant than
the biodiversity and desertification conventions, they may also offer implicit
complementary opportunities for the way in which the country adapts to climate change.
42. Action plans or strategies associated with the implementation of these MEAs contain
information that can be built upon in order to provide a comprehensive picture of the
relevant web of policy and institutional connections. Synergies revealed in this way can
help to identify priority areas of adaptation action.
43. Each of the conventions below was assessed in an initial screening, relative to intersection
with the vulnerable sectors identified in the previous section. The rightmost column in
Table 3.3 identifies those sectors that are tentatively considered to be complementary to the
goals of climate change adaptation.
Table 3.3: Status of Other MEAs Potentially Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation
Convention
Communication
Lead
Submission
Sector
Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety
Convention on International Trade in
Endangered Species (CITES)
Convention on the International
Maritime Organization
World Heritage Convention
Not yet
communicated
DoE
Not yet
submitted
A, H
Accession
MoA
A, C, F, WR
Acceptance
MOTC
September
1994
October 2001
Acceptance
ICMPEC
October 2001
C, F
C
Notes: A=agriculture; C=coastal zone; F=forests; H=human health; WR=water resources
MOTC = Ministry of Transportation and Communication
ICMPEC – International Cooperation, Macropolicy and Economic Coordination
(d) Status of other related activities
44. Implementing the various MEAs identified in the previous sections have led to activities,
either in place or in development, that are potentially relevant to climate change adaptation.
The major types of initiatives are as follows:
 Government Policies and Strategies: these are country-driven policy responses to
environmental challenges motivated by either commitments under multilateral
agreements or national sustainable development objectives;
 National Programmes: these are specific projects implemented to meet objectives of
government policies, funded by national budget and/or bilateral donors;
 Intergovernmental/Multilateral Processes: these are scoping studies that address
critical areas affecting or impeding national development; and
10

Other Multilateral Activities: these are assorted projects, largely funded through
GEF, and focused on capacity building and sectoral development priorities.
45. While each of these initiatives has links with climate change adaptation, none have been
directly motivated by climate change adaptation considerations. An initial review of these
initiatives confirms that linkages are clear and could be strengthened. What is needed is a
more detailed assessment to identify the nature of the link, its potential effectiveness at
increasing resilience to climate shocks, and additional adjustments that could be made to
further consolidate adaptation gains into existing or proposed activities.
46. Key government policies and strategies that have parallel aims to those of climate change
adaptation are briefly discussed below. Citations are provided in Annex 1.
47. Some initial consideration of environmental policy issues was included as a part of the
Macro-Policy, issued by the GoE in November 1994. This document included a short
section identifying environmental policy “issues to be considered.” Two issues relevant to
climate change adaptation included appropriate land use planning for agricultural
development efforts and the concept of water as a strategic commodity. Overall,
consideration of environmental policy questions was limited to a brief outline of the major
issues of concern. However, as climate change adaptation in Eritrea is likely to require
action and adjustment at the national scale in development policy, agricultural policy, food
security policy, resource management policy, etc., it is expected to prove highly relevant to
Eritrea’s Macro-Policy (GoE, 1994).
48. In 1995, a central policy document was developed to guide government action in the area of
environment. Entitled the National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea (NEMPE), the process was overseen and coordinated by the Ministerial Council on the
Environment, composed of the Ministers from 8 national ministries. NEMP-E drafts were
prepared by a Technical Committee composed of members from 10 national ministries and
the Land Commission. Over the course of the development of the Plan, the Technical
Committee consulted teachers, women’s groups and others, in addition to conducting 23
regional seminars.
49. NEMP-E provides a relatively broad overview of the major environmental challenges
facing the country, general priorities for action, and a specific plan of actions to be taken in
each sector. In many cases, the concerns and recommendations in NEMP-E closely parallel
those identified as central to climate change adaptation. This is particularly true of the
sections addressing Water Resources, Land and Soils, Forests, and Coastal and Marine
Resources, as well as selected measures regarding Energy, Public Health, Rangelands, and
Biodiversity. For example, among its environmental management measures, the NEMP-E
calls for the implementation of water conservation measures such as rainwater harvesting,
the use of sustainable rangelands management methods, soil conservation through
afforestation, and the establishment of coastal and marine protection zones – each of which
could serve as a component of a national adaptation strategy. Though the NEMP-E has
been criticized for a lack of wide dissemination and underutilization (EAE, 1995; DoE,
2001b), the NAPA process may offer an opportunity for exploring synergies and shared
11
goals between the NEMP-E and adaptation, and could thereby help to revitalize specific
activities of the former while advancing the goals of the latter.
50. Another more general policy, the Transitional Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction
Strategy 2001-2002, also includes a section on environmental policies, in which it identifies
water, deforestation, land and pasture degradation, and deterioration of the urban
environment as Eritrea’s most pressing environmental problems. It also sets out four core
program areas for the Department of Environment for 2001-2002. As will be described
below, each of these core program areas contains elements considered vital to climate
change adaptation (GoE, 2001).
51. A number of specific government programs relate to climate change adaptation in Eritrea.
Four core DoE programs for 2001-2002 are described here, as well as a number of
programs under other ministries. The four core DoE programs correspond to
recommendations made in an August 2001 DoE Institutional and Organizational Capacity
Needs Assessment. Many of the remaining programs are carried out by the MoA and
address issues relating to land degradation, afforestation, and water management.
52. Management of terrestrial and agricultural biodiversity (A core program of the DoE for
2001-2002): This program, administered by the DoE and the MoA, seeks “to facilitate and
direct the planned expansion of production systems and the resettlement of populations in
an environmentally sustainable manner while conserving and protecting critical biodiversity
resources.” Biodiversity management – both wild and agricultural – is a key element of
adaptation goals in the agricultural and forestry sectors. Maintaining agricultural
biodiversity is critically important for food security under climate change conditions, in that
it provides access to crop types that can withstand different extreme climatic conditions.
‘Wild’ biodiversity is essential as well, in that it can provide options for livelihood
diversification and income generation, contribute to maintaining critical services provided
by ecosystems, provide famine foods, offer tourism potential, etc..
53. Management of marine and coastal biodiversity (A core program of the DoE for 20012002): This program, which has the potential to support adaptation efforts for the coastal
environment, is administered in collaboration with the Ministries of Fisheries and Tourism,
as well as the University of Asmara and a variety of private sector and civil society entities.
It seeks to “develop the knowledge base and the institutional mechanisms required for
integrated coastal zone management.”
Some elements of this program involve
collaboration with other entities (particularly the Ministry of Fisheries) and have received
GEF funding (see “Conservation Management of Eritrea’s Coastal, Marine, and Island
Biodiversity” in Table 3.4). Eritrea’s coastal zone is considered one of its most
undeveloped and promising resources, through increased fisheries exploitation as well as
tourism. Yet, it is also a fragile environment in which the impacts of a changing climate are
likely to be felt strongly (on e.g., coral reefs, fish nurseries, mangroves, desert and semidesert ecosystems).
Thus, the integration of adaptation considerations into this
management plan is critical for the resource.
12
Table 3.4: GEF (and other UN) Activities Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation
Focal Area
Project Title
Project Description
Project
Type
Biodiversity
Conservation of Coral
Reef Biodiversity through
Community-Based
Resources Management
The project will assist the Eritrean people in their capacity to
develop integrated planning, policy legislation, surveys, pilot
projects at the national and community-based levels to
ensure, among other things, the continued integrity and
resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems.
PRIF
Biodiversity
Conservation Mgmt of
Eritrea's Coastal, Marine
and Island Biodiversity
The objective of the project is to ensure the conservation
and sustainable use of the globally significant biodiversity of
Eritrea's coastal, marine and island (CMI) ecosystems.
FP
Climate
Change
Wind Energy Applications
in Coastal Regions of
Eritrea
This pilot project will, among other things, help to provide
poor rural communities with small-scale, decentralized wind
stand-alone and hybrid systems. The project will
demonstrate clean production of electricity, and the
possibility of extension to additional favorable areas.
PDF B
Climate
Change
GLO: Building Human and
Institutional Capacities to
Address Climate Change
Issues in Least-Developed
Countries
This project will generate improved communication between
UNFCCC Secretariat, GEF and UNFCCC Focal Points and
well as an improved understanding of LDCs needs and GEF
interventions.
EA
Sources: http://www.undp.org/gef/portf/africa.htm; http://roo.undp.org/gef_dev/site/
54. Technical studies and environmental information management (A core program of the DoE
for 2001-2002): This program seeks to “develop the scientific and technical understanding
of the Eritrean environment and to monitor key environmental parameters.” Monitoring –
specifically of climatic variables, water quality and quantity, forest cover, soil moisture,
fertility and loss, crop productivity, etc. – provides essential information to the process of
adaptation, indicating where areas of critical concern exist, where losses are mounting,
where gains are being made. Improved management of this type of information will be an
important input to the adaptation process.
55. Environmental Impact Assessment and regulatory mechanisms (A core program of the DoE
for 2001-2002): This program seeks to “broaden the understanding and use of the
procedures and guidelines for EIA as both a planning and a regulatory tool among relevant
ministries, local governments and investors.” Improved planning is considered essential to
efforts to improve adaptation capacities in the various sectors identified as high priority for
climate change adaptation (GoE, 2001). More specifically, certain anticipated outputs, such
as guidelines for soil and water conservation infrastructure, will provide direct support to
the adaptation process.
56. Land Productivity Management Initiative: LPMI is the new name given to the Soil Fertility
Initiative launched by the MoA in 1998 after a high level national workshop, held in May
2000, comprehensively discussed the strategy and action plan. The action plan is designed
to focus more attention on activities already addressing soil management, pilot new
approaches to fertility enhancement, and mobilize resources to implement appropriate
action. This holistic approach embraces the key issues of enhancing soil moisture
availability through better rainwater management, improving top soil organic matter levels
and farm and land management practices, to eventually lead to increased productivity.
13
57. Integrated Farming System Program: The IFS program was initiated by the MoA in 1998.
The aim is to increase food production at household and national levels by converting idle
but suitable areas to agricultural lands. This will be done by (a) using machinery, (b)
providing of a package of agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides
and insecticides on credit, and (c) training farmers to adopt modern agricultural practices. A
similar program that complements the IFS is the Sasakawa Global 2000 Program that
focuses on farmer households. These programs are currently under evaluation for possible
negative environmental effects caused as a result of increasing food production.
58. Improved Cook Stove Dissemination Program: Administered by the Ministry of Energy and
Mines, this program seeks to promote improved and more efficient biomass stoves in rural
areas. The improved stoves developed by the Ministry at its Energy Research and Training
Center have efficiency of over 20%, compared to the traditional rates below 10%. This
implies reducing biomass consumption by over 50% and CO2 by 0.6 tons per year per
household. Moreover, the stoves are designed to be smoke free, thereby eliminating health
hazards to women and children, in particular. This program responds directly to the need to
reduce loss of forest cover, an adaptation priority in parts of Eritrea where issues such as
watershed degradation, reduced soil fertility, and desertification are currently increasing
people’s vulnerability climate variability.
59. National Afforestation and Summer Youth Programs: The MoA’s afforestation program is
multi-pronged. It facilitates the development of community woodlots and other tree
planting efforts, and it also involves youth in a Summer Youth Program in planting trees,
building terraces, and other activities. Insofar as this program succeeds in increasing
people’s livelihood options and building the capacity of communities to withstand climate
related shocks, it could contribute directly to Eritrea’s emerging adaptation goals.
60. Current Energy Related Programs: Efforts such as WEHAB (Water and sanitation, Energy,
Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity), the New Partnership for Africa (NEPAD), and the
GoE “white papers” on poverty reduction strategies all emphasize the importance of
modern energy services in rural areas for long-term sustainable development. The role
modern energy can play in clean water supply and sanitation, improvement of health
services, boosting agricultural productivity, and biodiversity conservation through proper
management of forests/agroforestry, introduction and management of modern energy crops,
etc., is of paramount importance to Eritrea. This justifies integrated planning that includes
energy services as an adaptation means in all or most of the vulnerable sectors identified
under the NAPA. Current energy related programs include:

Power Expansion and Transmission Extension Project: where an 84 MW generating
plant and a 70 km 132 kV and 148 of 66 kV transmission lines have added to the
national grid system

Rural Electrification of about 10,000 households per year

Installation of solar PV systems (over 5000 kV so far) mostly for welfare applications
14

Assessment of the potentials of conventional (oil and gas) and renewable energy
resources (wind and solar) for eventual development is in progress.3
61. Integrated Watershed Development Program: This program is administered by the MoA
with initial financial assistance of assistance of DANIDA to reduce watershed degradation
through watershed closures and afforestation, and expansion of the program to more
watersheds is planned. Watershed degradation can reduce water quality and availability,
increase the loss of fertile soils and the likelihood of low yields or crop failure, increase the
risks associated with heavy rains and excess run-off, and in these ways, can raise the
vulnerability of surrounding communities to climatic extremes. In Eritrea, watershed
restoration may be an adaptation priority in both the water and forestry sectors.
62. Assessment and Management of Riverine Forests: A joint MoA/SOS Sahel project, this
project focuses on the Gash and Barka riverine forests. The Riverine forest assessment is
completed and a Management Plan prepared and is awaiting financial support for
implementation
63. Closures Program: The MoA’s closures program sets aside nearly 193,000 hectares of land
as temporary or permanent protected areas to permit the regeneration of natural vegetation,
providing benefits in the forestry sector, among others (MoA, 2002b; DoE, 2000). The
capacity to undertake such action is critical to the climate change adaptation process. For
the reasons cited above, the reversal of land and watershed degradation will be a key
adaptation priority if Eritrea hopes to rely upon its ecosystems, soils and waterways to
provide essential services under changing climatic conditions.
64. Key Intergovernmental/Multilateral Processes that have parallel aims to those of climate
change adaptation are briefly discussed below. Citations are provided in Annex 1.
65. Country Assessment Report on Sustainable Development Rio+10: While less
comprehensive than, for instance, the UNCCD National Action Programme for Eritrea, the
Rio+10 Report provides an important overview of a broad spectrum of sustainable
development challenges in Eritrea, and begins to outline opportunities for policy and action
synergies, much of which would closely support the process of adaptation. A key theme of
the document is the need to increase the security of a population that is reliant upon a slim,
and increasingly compromised resource base – the essential objective of an Eritrean
adaptation process.
66. Other GEF Activities that have parallel aims to those of climate change adaptation are
briefly outlined in Table 3.4. These activities are currently being implemented in Eritrea.
Several of these are relevant to climate change adaptation, including:
 With its emphasis on sustainable coastal zone management, the “Conservation
management of Eritrea's coastal, marine and island biodiversity” project can support
3
Preliminary findings show that the solar energy resource averages about 6 kWh/m2/day in most regions of the
country. There is a 300 km stretch of wind class 7 sites along the southern coastal areas and at least two identified
wind pass regions in the highlands where the wind averages 6m/s (wind class 5). Wind water pumping could be
installed practically anywhere in the country.
15





Eritrea’s need to respond to the vulnerabilities of its coastal environment – from its
coral reefs, to its fish nurseries, to its fishing grounds;
The “Building Human and Institutional Capacities” project, specifically designed to
improve implementation of the UNFCCC through capacity building, may serve to
increase the ability of Eritrean institutions to undertake and manage an emerging
adaptation process.
Under PDF-A, Eritrea has now submitted to GEF, through UNEP, a proposal for
funding on National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environmental
Management. This proposal focuses on the linkages and inter-linkages of
biodiversity, land degradation and climate change issues and its implications for
global environmental management at the national level.
A project entitled, Integrated Community-Based Resource Management is under
preparation for GEF funding. This cross-cutting project, which combines biodiversity
conservation, climate change mitigation and community development goals, aims at
combating land degradation by controlling deforestation, promoting reforestation and
afforestation activities and rehabilitating degraded lands in selected areas. The
reduction of carbon emissions from using less fuel wood and the carbon dioxide sink
in effects is expected to contribute to mitigating global climate change.
A regional preparatory assistance project on Protection of Key Bottlenecks Sites for
Soaring Migratory Birds in the Rift Valley and Red Sea Flyway has just been
endorsed. The Department of Land Resources and Crop Production of the MoA, in
collaboration with Birdlife International will implement it. The overall objective is to
protect the migrating populations of globally significant threatened soaring birds by
ensuring safe passage between their breeding and wintering grounds.
Enhancing Disaster Risk Management in the Intergovernmental Authority on
Development (IGAD) sub-region, and Promotion of Crop Production in Dry Land
Areas of the IGAD sub-region are projects being implemented by the IGAD
countries. The Early Warning and Food Information System, which is also an ongoing project, has financial support of IGAD, Government of Italy through FAO, and
DANIDA.
67. These and other GEF activities in Eritrea are shown in Table 3.4.
68. The material presented above is intended to provide an overview of activities planned or in
process in Eritrea. However, it is important to note that additional sectors, such as energy
and industry, have a role to play in the process of adaptation, but have not been covered
here in any depth.
69. Similarly, it is important to bear in mind that difficulties in implementation, coordination
and enforcement of these policies, programmes and projects inevitably exist and, in some
cases, pose significant obstacles to their success. Additional sectors, as well as the types of
challenges and impediments outlined here will need to be explored during the synergy
scoping activities of the NAPA process (outlined below) in order for the NAPA process to
16
decide what existing initiatives it should build upon, who should be included in the process,
and where it should focus its efforts.
4. Project Activities and Outputs
70. There are several major categories of activities associated with preparing the NAPA
document. These activities are outlined below, together with the key output(s) envisioned.
 Establish institutional structure: key output is the organization of a set of
administrative and oversight Committees for carrying out the NAPA process;
 Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team: key output is the
organization of a technical Committee and Task Force units for carrying out technical
assessments;
 Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change: key output is
a report that provides a detailed summary of national vulnerability to climate change;
 Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability:
key output is twofold – a multidisciplinary assessment of vulnerability risks and a
consultative assessment of traditional knowledge of vulnerability risks;
 Identify key climate change adaptation measures: key output is a series of
assessment reports on the degree of complementarity between climate change
adaptation measures and action plans related to MEAs and other initiatives;
 Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities: key output is a
consensus approach reflecting consultative inputs for prioritizing adaptation
activities;
 Develop priority adaptation activities, including stakeholder consultations: key
output is an adaptation activity portfolio reflecting consultative inputs;
 Distribute draft NAPA document for public review: key output is distribution of the
5-10 page draft NAPA document to the public at large, and assimilation of public
comments into a final NAPA document;
 Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society
representatives: key output is a review of the final NAPA document by key
stakeholders and a formal endorsement by government; and
 Disseminate NAPA document to public: key output is the distribution of the final
NAPA document, including translation as necessary.
71.
Within these major categories, a number of specific tasks are proposed and briefly
described in the sections below. Details regarding the sequencing of activities are provided
in the detailed workplan in Section 6.
a) Establish institutional structure for the preparation of the NAPA document
72.
The NAPA process will include a range of activities, such as data collection, consultative
meetings, policy/project synthesis efforts, and report preparation. Each task will require the
services of a NAPA coordination team with technical skills and diversified capacity. Four
17
primary entities will be established to constitute the Eritrean NAPA Team, as described
below, each with a unique composition and mandate.
73.
The Eritrea NAPA Team will consist of three distinct coordination units, as identified
below, and as described in detail in Section 5. The national climate change focal point will
be responsible to establish the NAPA Team.
 National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU): coordination of all NAPA activities
with its secretariat in the DoE;
 Zonal Project Coordination Unit (ZPCU): assistance to NPCU in coordination of
sub-national stakeholder consultative process outside Asmara, with its secretariat
within Zonal Ministry of Land, Water and Environment Branch Office; and
 Steering Committee (SC): provision of strategic oversight and policy guidance to the
NAPA Team.
b) Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team
74. While no new analyses are envisioned as part of the Eritrean NAPA process, there will
nevertheless be several types of assessment efforts required as inputs to the development of
the NAPA document. These assessments will be conducted with a multidisciplinary
approach that focuses on both substance and process issues.
75. A multidisciplinary assessment team (MAT) will be assembled that will be charged with
undertaking well-defined assessments and analyses on a commissioned basis. The MAT
will be the technical support unit of the project. The NPCU, in coordination with the SC,
will be responsible to establish the MAT.
76. Administratively, the MAT will function as a technical committee with four distinct Task
Force units, each composed of national experts, as outlined below and described in detail in
Section 5.
 Technical Committee (TC): provision of technical, multidisciplinary input to the
NPCU and SC, including preparation and review of all technical reports;
 Consultative Assessment Task Force (CATF): assessment of options for
executing the consultative process for identifying priorities for adaptation activity
activities;
 Synergy Assessment Task Force (SATF): assessment of complementary climate
change adaptation-relevant strategies, projects, policies, and other proposed
initiatives that may be embedded in action plans for certain national sustainable
development initiatives, multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEA), and
other initiatives as described in the previous section. Given the size of the
synergy assessment task, the SATF will be sub-divided into three smaller groups,
each charged with developing one of the three synergies papers;
 Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force (ECATF): assessment of pertinent
evaluation criteria to apply to a list of adaptation activities in order to produce a
prioritized set; and
18

Project Portfolio Task Force (PPTF): preparation of an adaptation activity
portfolio of all high-priority projects.
77. The MAT will avail itself of the suite of methods and approaches that are available for the
implementation of the NAPA, including material from the Least Developed Country Expert
Group (LEG), the UNDP Adaptation Planning Framework (APF) and others. The MAT
will rely on assistance from UNDP and the LEG to identify appropriate methods and
approaches for implementing their project, especially during the project start-up phase.
Advice will also be sought for developing appropriate terms of reference of the technical
components of the study. An initial step prior to the development of any of the various
technical assessments will be to develop a suitable Terms of Reference (TOR).
78. Moreover, the MAT will seek advice from the UNDP regarding the availability of highlyqualified international institutions competent to provide technical backstopping services to
the NAPA process. The MAT in consultation with the NPCU and SC will have the option
of either directly selecting one or more of these institutions to backstop the Eritrean NAPA
process, or issuing a request for proposals to these institutions to provide backstopping
services. The strengthening of national and regional capacity will be one of the criteria used
to the select the backstopping mechanisms. The UNDP/NCSU will work closely with
Eritrea at all stages of project implementation by providing overall technical guidance, and
by commenting on the draft assessments reports and the draft NAPA.
c) Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change
79. Through the efforts of a team convened to prepare Eritrea’s First National Communications
(INC) under the UNFCCC, climate change vulnerabilities have already been identified in
five sectors: agriculture, water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health
80. The NPCU will prepare a synthesis report that indicates the nature and magnitude of climate
change vulnerability in all five of these vulnerable sectors – agriculture, water resources,
forestry, coastal zones and human health. The immediacy of the threat will be also assessed.
The report will be prepared based on collection of pertinent data, as well as through contact
with the various authors responsible for the Eritrean sectoral vulnerability studies and/or
ongoing studies. This report will provide input to Section 2 (Framework for adaptation
programme) of the final NAPA document. Sources will include:
 Background studies carried out in support of Eritrea’s INC;
 Country-specific vulnerability research, data, and other information developed
subsequent to submission of the INC;
 Eritrea’s CCD National Action Plan and its CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and
Action Plan; and
 Relevant information in the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report and other international
sources.
81. For each of the vulnerable sectors identified, the synthesis report will review, at the
minimum, available information on the following aspects:
19




Analytical approach that was used to assess vulnerability, including comments on
strengths and weaknesses of modeling efforts;
Nature of the vulnerability, including range of affected populations, types of physical
impacts, scope of economic risks, and urgency of the threat;
Magnitude of the physical impacts, including estimates of the uncertainty (e.g.,
relating to regionalization of GCM outputs) and potential range of impacts; and
Adaptation options, including a categorization into policy, technology, and project
approaches. These options may have been derived without a complete assessment of
nature of vulnerabilities, e.g., economic and social impacts, under both current and
future climate.
82. The resulting document will serve as a detailed synthesis of what is currently known about
the potential adverse effects of climate change on productive sectors in Eritrea, and will
provide key input to the assessment to be undertaken by the experts of the SATF. If gaps in
knowledge are identified, then any new work will be addressed elsewhere (such as in the
Second National Communications), and not in the NAPA process.
d) Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability
83. A participatory assessment of vulnerability risks of current climate variability and extreme
weather events will be composed of two complementary aspects, as described below.
Technical Paper 2 on ‘Stakeholder engagement to increase adaptive capacity’ from
Adaptation Policy Framework website: www.undp.org/cc/apf_outline.htm will be relied
upon in the preparation of these assessments.
 A multidisciplinary technical assessment that quantifies the extent to which current
climate variability has produced measurable impacts on vulnerable communities and
sectors. It will also offer insights for the development of criteria for selecting
adaptation and help to clarify key national adaptation priorities.
 A stakeholder consultative assessment that solicits community knowledge and
experience regarding their current levels of vulnerability to climate shocks. It will
also solicit input on current adaptive strategies to reduce climate-related vulnerability.
84. The SATF will carry out the multidisciplinary technical assessment. The output will be a
report that represents an expert assessment from a multidisciplinary perspective. The SATF
will use the information provided by the NPCU’s vulnerability synthesis report as a point of
departure. This report will also provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA document. The
report will distinguish between current climate and future climate risks, and assumes that
future climate will induce change in climate variability. The major elements of the report as
described below. Technical Papers 3 and 4 on ‘Assessing current climate risks’ and
‘Assessing future climate risks’ from the Adaptation Policy Framework website:
www.undp.org/cc/apf_outline.htm will be relied upon in the preparation of these
assessment.
 Identification and description of suitable indicators of climate variability, including
temperature, precipitation, and other indicators monitored in Eritrea;
20




Identification and description of range of key extreme events, including drought,
flooding, and other extreme climate events common in the past several decades to
Eritrea;
Analysis of patterns of climate variability, including assembly of time series data
over the past several decades for each of the specific indicators identified,
Assessment of patterns of extreme events, including duration, extent of impact, and
recurrence frequency for each identified extreme event over the past several decades,
and
Correlation of patterns of climate variability with national and regional indicators,
including macroeconomic (e.g., GDP, exports) and socioeconomic indicators (e.g.,
migration, household income).
85. The CATF will design the stakeholder consultative assessment for use in the current tasks,
as well as in subsequent tasks, preparing the following series of documents. These will
provide input to Section 6 (NAPA preparation process) of the final NAPA document:

stakeholder assessment report – This report addresses the scale of participation (i.e.,
national, regional, and/or community) relative to time and budget constraints,
proposes a method for identifying and recruiting specific organizations, groups, and
individuals, and makes specific recommendations for potential stakeholder
participants.

consultation methodology – This document outlines an approach to the consultation
process, relative to time and budget constraints, identifies any special techniques for
engaging participants in the stakeholder process, and proposes a method for
conducting the necessary grassroots, participatory assessment of vulnerability to
current climate variability.

consultation reporting system – This document outlines a system for ensuring that
stakeholder input provided at workshops and meetings is systematically recorded and
synthesized.
86. The NPCU and ZPCUs will carry out the stakeholder consultative assessment using the
approach advocated by the CATF. Based on stakeholder input gathered during the proposal
scoping stage, six guiding principles are proposed, as outlined below.
 Broad constituent representation: As many constituencies as relevant and as possible
will take part in the process. Stakeholder consultative groups (SCGs) will be
assembled with representatives from governmental agencies, civil society groups
(e.g., farmer unions, environmental NGOs, business groups (e.g., local chambers of
commerce), academic and professional organizations, private citizens, trades people
(e.g., herders, carpenters, crop cultivators), and other groups;
 Wide spatial distribution: Both representatives from urban and rural communities
will be included, helping to ensure grassroots representation. Stakeholders will be
assembled from each of the 3 administrative regions, plus from national stakeholders
based in Asmara.
21




Differentiated roles for the stakeholder groups: The role of the 3 regional groups
will be to provide input on material put forth by the organizers, and to generate ideas
for adaptation activities. The role of the Asmara group will include these tasks but
will also include a review role of the input generated at the regional level, as well as a
decision-making role for the final set of projects to be included in the NAPA
document.
Similar to other national consultative processes: The consultative process should be
somewhat similar in shape to those consultative processes that have been undertaken
in the development of the national biodiversity conservation strategy and the action
plan to combat desertification and other relevant processes. Such processes have been
successful in capturing both grassroots and sectoral input; employing a similar
approach will build on past experience.
Participatory in format: Each stakeholder meeting/workshop will be designed to
encourage as much participation as possible. The format will incorporate oral
presentations by organizers followed by appropriately designed working group
sessions to obtain feedback.
Manageable in size: Given the NAPA process budget constraints, it will be important
to design the consultative process such that each regional stakeholder workshop is not
too large. Between 30 and 50 participants per meeting is expected to be manageable.
87. See Annex 2 for a stage-by-stage description of the stakeholder consultation process,
workshop input and outputs.
e) Identify key climate change adaptation measures
88. The Eritrean NAPA process is motivated in part by the recognition that significant potential
exists to capitalize on complementary, existing practice in order to adapt to climate change.
It is therefore important that the NAPA process build upon existing, related action plans
and activities where potential synergies exist. As discussed in the previous section, this
potential exists at a variety of scales; from multilateral environmental agreement (MEA)
action plans to other related activities such as government policies, national programmes,
intergovernmental processes, and GEF activities. It is also important that adaptation
opportunities build upon stakeholder community perceptions for coping with and adapting
to climate impacts.
89. The SATF will undertake the development of a series of reports to determine precisely
where opportunities for (and barriers to) linkage exist. These reports are outlined below.
Each report will include a list of (as yet unprioritized) potential adaptation activities that
will be used as input to Stages 2 and 3 of the consultative process. Such reports are not the
primary focus of the NAPA it self, but they may be used as input to key stakeholder
meeting when key decisions are made.
 Synergies between adaptation and MEA activity: The aims of this report are to 1)
assess synergies (and potential barriers) between climate change adaptation measures
and those measures already positioned in the national dialogue through the MEA
22



processes, 2) identify a set of adaptation activities that can satisfy multiple objectives,
and 3) scope out institutional linkages that can provide the makings of a NAPA
implementation framework. This report will provide input to Section 2 of the final
NAPA document. (20-25 pages)
Synergies between adaptation and policy/programme initiatives: This report will
focus on national policies, plans and mechanisms relevant to climate change
vulnerability and adaptation, such as land use policies, drought contingency plans, or
drought early warning systems. The aims of the report are to 1) outline initiatives
with synergies between those instruments and the country’s adaptation needs, 2)
highlight potential barriers to implementing adaptation activity, and 3) describe the
potential for institutional linkages (even reconfiguration) in order to accomplish
mutual goals. This report will provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA
document. (20-25 pages)
Synergies between adaptation and project initiatives: The aims of this report are to
1) review the range of adaptation-relevant projects taking place on the ground in
Eritrea and 2) rank them in terms of their potential for synergy with climate change
adaptation. Such activities may include capacity building, community-level
development work, localized conservation activities, etc., and may be driven by nongovernmental and/or community actors. This report will provide input to Section 2 of
the final NAPA document. (20-25 pages)
Comprehensive summary: The findings of the above suite of reports, plus inputs
from the consultative process itself, will be synthesized into a report outlining a
comprehensive, preliminary set of sector-specific and cross-cutting adaptationrelevant projects. This will represent an unprioritized set of potential adaptation
activities and other initiatives. It may also be used to formulate an outline for the
NAPA at the strategic level, including a portfolio of policies, measure and projects.
This report will provide input to Section 3 (Identification of key adaptation needs) of
the final NAPA document. (5-10 pages)4
f) Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities
90. Ranking projects from the list of potential adaptation options will require the development
and application of criteria that reflect national priorities and adequately respond to the
urgency of various adaptation needs identified earlier. A country-driven approach for
prioritization will help to ensure that the initiatives included in the final NAPA document
are balanced relative to the range of national perspectives, and that the selected projects
respond to urgent national needs.
91. The ECATF will develop a draft report regarding evaluation criteria that would be suitable
for use in the Eritrean context. The report will build upon guidance in the NAPA
Annotated Guidelines (Appendix D), and will examine appropriate tools (e.g., cost-benefit
In the Schedule of project activities described in Section 6, “Timetable,” this report is identified as “Adaptation
activity Synthesis 1.”
4
23
analysis, multi-criteria analysis, precautionary principle, etc.) to evaluate the tradeoffs
among appropriate criteria (e.g., degree of risk, historic loss of life and livelihood, poverty
reduction potential of project, etc.) that could be applied to the process of NAPA project
identification. It will also refer to the CCD NAP and the CBD NBSAP to determine how
these processes developed criteria, and what final criteria were used. Eritrea may use other
methodologies, which are more suitable for policy analysis and which are not included in
the list provided above.
92. The draft evaluation criteria report will recommend a specific prioritization approach based
on a set of guiding principles, as outlined below.
 Urgent needs: The approach will generate agreed criteria to separate the country’s
urgent adaptation needs from both short-term issues and general development needs;
 Precautionary: The approach will provide a framework for adequate consideration of
non-use value (i.e., impacts for which there currently exists no commercial value) and
a conservative approach to uncertainty;
 Representative: The approach will ensure that no one sector dominates the priority
list of options. Sectors that may not have comparable economic impacts should
nevertheless be adequately represented by proposed adaptation activities; and
 Practical: The research and analytic requirements should be a reasonable burden
relative to time and budget constraints.
The recommended approach will build upon the LEG and other guidance, blending multicriteria assessment with risk assessment for robust criteria development and application.
93. In addition, in the interest of incorporating adaptation into national development planning,
criteria are likely to allow for new institutional arrangements, capacity building, policy
reform, policy integration, and programme integration (as well as discrete projects), that
help to facilitate the adaptation process.
94. The recommendations of the report will be used as inputs to Stage 3 of the consultative
process. A final evaluation criteria report will then be developed by the ECATF on the
basis of stakeholder input received, and will serve as the basis of section 4 (Criteria for
Selecting Priority Activities) of the final NAPA document.
g) Develop proposals for priority adaptation activities, including stakholder consultations
95. The PPTF will combine the unprioritized set of potential adaptation activities developed by
the SATF with the country-driven evaluation criteria developed by the ECATF to produce a
ranked set (i.e., high priority, mid-priority, low priority) of adaptation activities for each
vulnerable sector. Data and other specific information needed by the PPTF in order to apply
the evaluation criteria will be facilitated by the NPCU and SC.
96. The PPTF will prepare a series of draft reports - one for each of the vulnerable sectors
identified, plus one for any cross-cutting initiatives - that summarize the application of the
evaluation criteria to the set of unprioritized projects identified. The common elements of
each report are as follows:
24




Characterization of each project in terms of basic information (e.g., costs,
institutional responsibility);
Application of criteria to each project, yielding some form of quantitative or
qualitative score (depending on how the evaluation criteria was framed);
Ranking of all projects into either high, medium, or low-priority projects; and
Additional explanatory remarks that address any issues not able to be adequately
incorporated into the evaluation scheme.
97. The conclusions of these reports will be presented and discussed during Stage 4 of the
consultation process. The output of Stage 4 of the consultative process will be a final
prioritized and consensus-driven set of adaptation activities. The sectoral reports will be
finalized on the basis of this input.
98. Based on these reports and any stakeholder input received, the PPTF will coordinate the
preparation of an adaptation activity portfolio of all high priority projects. This project
portfolio will provide a brief characterization of each high-priority project as per the format
outlined in the LEG guidelines. It is anticipated that at least 6 and no more than 12 projects
will be presented in the adaptation activity portfolio.5
99. Descriptions of high priority projects will also address issue related to how the proposed
activity can be integrated into national policy frameworks, existing programs, and other
ongoing activity. This document will provide the basis for section 5 (List of Priority
Activities) in the final NAPA document.
h) Distribute draft NAPA document for public review
100. Based upon the range of inputs from the consultative process and the various technical Task
Forces, the NPCU will prepare a 5-10 page draft NAPA document that summarizes
consensus, near-term adaptation activities/initiatives. The document will be prepared in
accordance with the LEG guidelines.
101. The NPCU will then coordinate a public review process at the national level. This will be
accomplished by making a public presentation (Stage 5 of the consultative process) to
invite public comments. The draft NAPA document will also be circulated to the general
public for comment through media and other outlets. This process will target impacted
sectors by circulating the document to the broad stakeholder audiences, identified through
the stakeholder assessment. Comments received will be reviewed by the NPCU and
incorporated as appropriate into a revised version of draft NAPA document.
i) Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society representatives
102. For the final review, the Steering Committee, plus a somewhat broader selection of
additional government, civil society and business representatives, will be assembled to
review and comment on the document. The NPCU will incorporate comments received
In the Schedule of project activities described in Section 6, “Timetable,” this report is identified as “Adaptation
activity Synthesis 2.”
5
25
into the final draft NAPA and submit the document to the national government for formal
endorsement. The endorsed NAPA document will then be submitted to UNDP/GEF.
j) Disseminate NAPA document to Public
103. The NAPA is, itself, a communication mechanism, and as such must be made broadly
accessible to Eritrean society, as well as international actors (particularly potential funders
and collaborators). The final NAPA document will be distributed publicly via electronic
and print media, and will be publicized through available media outlets using translated
versions as necessary.
5. Institutional Arrangements for Oversight and Coordination
104. The NAPA process will be coordinated by the various institutional entities outlined in the
previous section. The structure of the NAPA institutional framework has been designed to
be capable of efficiently executing a wide range of responsibilities involved in the NAPA
process. The oversight and coordination of activities across these entities is briefly
discussed in the following sections, together with a description of links with other related
teams. An organizational chart for the Eritrea NAPA process is illustrated in Figure 5.1.
105. Short-term national consultants will be recruited and commissioned, as necessary, to
prepare the various technical assessments outlined earlier in this proposal and to support
NAPA activities. An international organization will be identified and recruited, as
necessary, to provide technical backstopping assistance.
(a) High level political oversight, coordination and policy integration
106. Steering Committee: Political oversight and strategic guidance to the NAPA project will
be provided by the SC. The essential mandate of this entity is to ensure that the NAPA
project meets its stated objectives. SC tasks will focus on meeting periodically to review
progress, address/overcome logistical barriers, and provide other strategic input. The
proposed schedule of meetings is outlined in Section 6.
107. The SC will be composed of nine to eleven members, consisting of high-level
representation (i.e., director or general manager level) from four key stakeholder
organizations outlined below. All members will collectively provide guidance and direction
to the planning and implementation process of the NAPA preparation.:
 Six to eight members from government – one from each vulnerable sector (Ministry
of Land, Water and Environment, (to serve as SC chair), agriculture, public health,
Energy, fisheries, tourism, including Transport and Communication and Trade and
Industry),
 One member from a non-governmental organization,
 One member from an academic institution, the University of Asmara and,
 One member from a UN agency, UNDP.
26
108. Stakeholder Consultative Groups: While not offering political oversight, the SCGs are
designed to offer direction-setting input for the Eritrean NAPA process at both the regional
and national levels. It will do this at several junctures during the 5-stage consultative
process to provide local perspectives on vulnerability, to provide insights into ongoing
adaptation-relevant activities, to provide feedback on emerging adaptation priorities.
(b) Project management and operational coordination
109. Project management and operational coordination will be provided by the NPCU and
ZPCUs. Annex 3 provides draft Terms of References for the various coordination and
technical roles envisaged.
110. National Project Coordination Unit: The NPCU will be responsible for coordinating the
implementation of all NAPA activities. The essential mandate of this entity is to ensure
that the overall project is executed properly. NPCU tasks will focus on two major areas: 1)
directly undertaking certain tasks, including workplan development, liaison with the
UNDP/GEF headquarters, quality assurance, design and coordination of the consultative
process, monitoring and evaluation, and preparation of the final NAPA document, and 2)
overseeing project activities, including technical report preparation by national experts and
the development of the adaptation activity portfolio.
111. The NPCU will be composed of three members as follows: 1) a Project Coordinator (PC)
who will oversee the entire effort and be an ex-officio member of all other NAPA Team
entities, 2) a project assistant (PA-T) to coordinate the preparation of technical support
documents, and 3) a project assistant (PA-C) to coordinate the consultative process and
public awareness.
112. Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by the NPCU, according to GEF
specifications, with oversight of the SC, at set intervals throughout the project. The M&E
mechanism will be established at the project outset by the NPCU. Meetings to review
M&E findings and recommend adjustments to the project will be convened by the SC.
113. Zonal Project Coordination Unit: The ZPCUs will be responsible to assist the NPCU in
executing a stakeholder consultative process in regions outside of Asmara. The essential
mandate of these entities is to ensure that the regional consultative workshops are executed
properly. RCPU tasks will focus on two areas: 1) logistical arrangements for the
consultative workshops and 2) providing detailed workshop summary reports of stakeholder
input. For each consultative stage, and on the basis of these reports, the NPCU will prepare
a synthesis report of stakeholder inputs across the regional meetings.
114. The number of ZPCUs is three, one for each major administrative region in Eritrea. ZPCUs
will be centered at the central Desk for Agricultural Extension (DAE) in each of these
administrative regions. One individual will be recruited from each DAE, in consultation
with the NPCU, to work closely with the NPCU in carrying out the proposed tasks. In
addition, two experts will help to facilitate each of the workshops. Experts can be drawn
from the TC and/or the various Task Forces. In total, three individuals will coordinate each
regional consultation.
27
115. Technical Committee: The TC will be responsible for coordinating all technical activities
of the MAT. Its essential mandate is to advise the NAPA Team on all technical matters
related to the preparation of the NAPA document. TC tasks will focus on data acquisition,
analysis, and report preparation, and will meet as needed or at intervals proposed by the
NPCU. The TC will be composed of a total eighteen members, each with extensive
experience, from among the following specialties: 1) climate, 2) agriculture, 3) vectorborne disease, 4) hydrology, 5) forestry, 6) food security, 7) biodiversity, 8) desertification,
9) sociology, 10) economics, 11) wildlife services, and 12) rural development planning. As
technical reports are prepared by the four Task Forces, the full TC will provide a review,
which will be reflected in the final version, prior to wider circulation and use in the
consultative process.
116. The TC will function as four distinct Task Force Units (as outlined in section 4b):
 Consultative Assessment Task Force (3 members): As outlined above, the CATF will
design the stakeholder consultative assessment process, develop a consultation
methodology, and propose a consultation reporting system.
 Synergy Assessment Task Force (consisting of nine members): The SATF will develop
a series of four reports, designed to determine precisely where opportunities exist for
linking the NAPA process with existing policy and ongoing activity.
 Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force (3 members): The ECATF will develop a
report on methodologies for developing effective evaluation criteria, on criteria that
would be suitable for use in the Eritrean context, and will recommend a specific
prioritization approach for Eritrea’s project evaluation criteria.
 Project Portfolio Task Force (3 members): The PPTF will combine the potential
adaptation activities identified by the SATF with the country-driven evaluation criteria
developed by the ECATF in order to rank adaptation activities in each vulnerable
sector, for review by the stakeholders.
117. The Task Force Units will report directly to the full TC. The TC will be under the direct
oversight of the NPCU. Task Force members may also be members of the TC.
118. The chart that follows illustrates the links between the various entities involved in the
NAPA process. While the organizational structure appears complex, it is designed to
facilitate the completion of the workplan.
28
Figure 5.1 Organizational Chart for the Eritrea NAPA Process
Steering Committee (SC)
Consultative Assessment
Task Force
National Project
Coordination Unit (NPCU)
Synergy Assessment
Task Force
Technical Committee (TC)
Evaluation Criteria
Task Force
Project Portfolio
Task Force
Zonal Project
Coordination Unit 1
Zonal Project
Coordination Unit 2
Zonal Project
Coordination Unit 3
Zonal and National Stakeholder Consultation Process
(c) Coordination with climate change team for the country’s national communication to
the UNFCCC
119. Each of the Task Force units that comprise the MAT will be responsible to ensure that their
activities are well-coordinated with Eritrea’s climate change activities. The fact that the
DoE will function as the secretariat for both climate change activities and all NAPA
activities will help to ensure that coordination proceeds in an efficient manner.
120. Furthermore, the ministries involved in the Steering and Technical Committees will include
those who participated closely in the INC. Through these relationships, the NAPA process
can serve as a springboard for the country’s Second National Communications (SNC).
Added to this, a number of NAPA products – such as the synthesis of available information
on vulnerability, stakeholder perspectives on vulnerability, etc. – are expected to inform but
not provide direct inputs to the SNC.
(d) Coordination with other teams for the preparation of national reports
121. As indicated previously, the SATF is responsible to assess complementary climate change
adaptation-relevant strategies, projects, policies, and other proposed initiatives that may be
embedded in action plans for certain national sustainable development initiatives and multi29
lateral environmental agreements. In carrying out this activity, the members of the SATF
will make contact with other teams involved in progress reports or other communications
under the particular initiative. They will also keep other national teams aware of unfolding
conclusions of the NAPA process and offer input for any implications regarding
communications under other MEAs.
6. Timetable
122. The activities described in Section 4 will be carried out over a period of 18 months. The
proposed schedule of all activities is outlined on Tables 6.1a and 6.1b on the following
pages. It is envisioned that national experts will need to be identified and recruited to assist
in the preparation of the various assessments indicated under “Report Preparation.” It is
envisioned that an international backstopping organization will need to be identified and
recruited to assist in the activities indicated under “Technical Support.”
30
Table 6.1a: Schedule of project activities (Months 1 through 9)
Month>>>
Week>>>
Area
#1
1
2
#2
3
4
5
Phase
Mobilization
Activity
Recruitment, office set-up, etc
Workplan preparation
Vulnerability synthesis
Multi-disc. vulnerability assessment
Stakeholder assessment
Consulation methodology
Consultation reporting
MEA synergies
Report
National policy synergies
preparation
Project
Small-scale project synergies
Adaptation project synthesis 1
support and
Evaluation criteria
operations
Sector-specific project reports
Adaptation project synthesis 2
Adaptation project portfolio
NAPA document
Technical
Training
Backstopping
support
Steering Committee
Meetings
Technical Committee
Demobilization office closure, document submission
Preparation
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
Stage
National Consultation (Group 4)
1:Introduction Workshop summary reports
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Stage 2:Project Preparation
Identification
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
(including
National Consultation (Group 4)
Workshop summary reports
zonal
Synthesis report
participatory
assessments) SC review and feedback
Project
Preparation
consultative
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
process
Stage 3:Project National Consultation (Group 4)
Workshop summary reports
Ranking
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Stage 4: Project National Consultation #4
Synthesis report
Selection
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Stage 5: Public Presentation & 1-week period
Synthesis report
presentation
SC review and feedback
31
6
#3
7
8
#4
#5
#6
#7
#8
#9
9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
Table 6.1b: Schedule of project activities (Months 10 through 18)
Month>>>
#10
#11
#12
#13
#14
#15
#16
#17
#18
Week>>> 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72
Area
Project
support and
operations
Phase
Mobilization
Report
preparation
Technical
support
Meetings
Demobilization
Stage
1:Introduction
Project
consultative
process
Stage 2:Project
Identification
(including
Zonal
participatory
assessments)
Stage 3:Project
Ranking
Stage 4: Project
Selection
Stage 5: Public
presentation
Activity
Recruitment, office set-up, etc
Workplan preparation
Vulnerability synthesis
Multi-disc. vulnerability assessment
Stakeholder assessment
Consulation methodology
Consultation reporting
MEA synergies
National policy synergies
Small-scale project synergies
Adaptation project synthesis 1
Evaluation criteria
Sector-specific project reports
Adaptation project synthesis 2
Adaptation project portfolio
NAPA document
Training
Backstopping
Steering Committee
Technical Committee
office closure, document submission
Preparation
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
National Consultation (Group 4)
Workshop summary reports
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
National Consultation (Group 4)
Workshop summary reports
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3)
National Consultation (Group 4)
Workshop summary reports
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Zonal Consultation #4
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
Preparation
Presentation & 1-week period
Synthesis report
SC review and feedback
32
7. Budget
123. A breakdown of the budget requested from GEF is shown below.
ACTIVITY
STOCKTAKING
PROCESS:
(ASSESSMENTS,
CONSULTATIONS,
WORKSHOPS, ETC.)
PRODUCT: ASSESSMENT
REPORTS/ STRATEGY
TOTAL
4
8
6
18
4
8
6
18
4
8
6
18
4
8
6
18
4
8
6
18
20
40
30
90
5
3
2
10
5
3
2
10
5
3
2
10
15
9
6
30
AND ACTION PLAN
Assessment and prioritization
1) Information gathering and
synthesis, assessment of
vulnerability
i) Synthesis of available
information on adverse
effects of climate change
and coping strategies
ii) Participatory assessment of
vulnerability to current
climate variability and
extreme weather events,
and associated risks
2)
Identification of
adaptation measures, and
criteria for priority activities
i)
Identification of past and
current practices for
adaptation to climate
change and climate
variability
ii) Identification of key
climate change adaptation
measures
iii) Identification and
prioritization of criteria for
selecting priority activities
TOTAL
(Assessment and prioritization)
Development of proposals for priority activities
1) National/ sub-national
consultative process for short
listing potential activities
2) Selection and identification of
priority activities on the basis
of agreed criteria
3) Prepare profiles of priority
activities in the prescribed
format
TOTAL
(Development of proposals for
priority activities)
Preparation , review and finalization of the NAPA
33
ACTIVITY
STOCKTAKING
PRODUCT: ASSESSMENT
REPORTS/ STRATEGY
0
0
PROCESS:
(ASSESSMENTS,
CONSULTATIONS,
WORKSHOPS, ETC.)
0
0
2
2
2
2
0
0
3
3
0
0
0
0
3
10
3
10
0
2
3
5
4
4
2
4
14
17
20
25
TOTAL
(Project coordination and
management)
15
15
15
45
TOTAL
54
68
78
200
1)
Public review
2) Final review by government
and civil society
representatives
3) Printing, publishing and
translation of the final NAPA
document
4) Dissemination
TOTAL
(Preparation, review and
finalization of NAPA)
TOTAL
AND ACTION PLAN
Technical assistance
1) Assistance requested from
LDC expert group
2) Other technical assistance
TOTAL
(Technical assistance)
Project coordination and management
124. The Eritrean government is willing to make an in-kind contribution of US$17,600 toward
the development of a NAPA document. In-kind categories include office facilities,
equipment, utilities, support for the regional consultative process, communications, and
miscellaneous office expenses.
34
Annex 1: List of References
DoE (Department of Environment), 2002. Country Assessment Report on Sustainable
Development Rio+10. Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and
Environment.
DoE (Department of Environment), 2001a. Eritrea’s Initial National Communication Under the
United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Asmara: Department of
Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment.
DoE, 2001b. Institutional and Organizational Capacity Needs Assessment. Asmara:
Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land Water and Environment.
DoE, 2000. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Eritrea. Asmara: Department of
Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment.
DoE, 1997. National Report on the Implementation of Article 6 of the Convention on Biological
Diversity (CBD). Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and
Environment.
EAE (Eritrean Agency for the Environment), 1995. National Environmental Management Plan
for Eritrea. Asmara: Eritrean Agency for the Environment.
GoE (Government of the State of Eritrea), 2001. Transitional Economic Growth and Poverty
Reduction Strategy 2001-2002. Asmara: Government of Eritrea.
GoE (Government of the State of Eritrea), 1994. Macro-Policy. Asmara: Government of the
State of Eritrea.
MoA (Ministry of Agriculture), 2002a. National Action Programme for Eritrea to Combat
Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought (NAP). Asmara: Ministry of Agriculture.
MoA, 2002b. National Report on the Implementation of the UNCCD. Asmara: Ministry of
Agriculture.
MoA, UoA (University of Asmara), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WB (World
Bank), 2001. Land Productivity Management Initiative: Concept Paper. Report No. 01/006 CPERI.
MoA, 1999. Integrated Agricultural Development program: Report.
MoEM (Ministry of Energy and Mines) and UoA. Renewables and Energy for Rural
Development: Current Utilization and Future Options in Rural Areas.
United Nations Development Programme. 2002. Human Development Report 2002. UNDP.
Available at: http://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdf
35
Annex 2: Overview of the Consultative Process
The stakeholder consultative assessment will unfold over several stages in the form of a series of
workshops and/or public meetings. This will provide participants with an opportunity for
understanding/reflecting on the issues, as well as offering multiple entry points for input. The
consultative stages will seek 1) to “groundtruth” the NPCU’s vulnerability synthesis report and
SATF’s multidisciplinary assessment report, 2) to refine key vulnerable geographic areas,
sectors, and communities, 3) to clarify adaptation criteria and priorities, 4) to identify, prioritize,
and select adaptation activities, and 5) to build awareness. A 5-stage process is envisioned, as
outlined below and illustrated in Figure A2.1.
 Stage 1: Introduction: One-day workshops will be held among each of the four stakeholder
groups during months 4, 5, and 6. Stage 1 meetings will accomplish the following:
o provide an overview of Eritrean vulnerability to climate change,
o explain the objectives of the NAPA effort,
o clarify the goals of the consultative process, and
o generate dialogue and solicit initial feedback on the broad direction of the project.
Input: the project workplan and basic climate change material will serve as input to stage 1
meetings.
Output: stage 1 meetings will build stakeholder capacity to contribute to adaptation planning
in subsequent meetings.
 Stage 2: Project Identification: Two-day workshops will be held among each of the four
stakeholder groups during months 8, 9, and 10. These Stage 2 workshops will be the forum
for soliciting input on adaptation activities, and for conducting a participatory vulnerability
assessment to climate variability and change among the participants. Stage 2 meetings will
accomplish the following:
o generate dialogue on vulnerability to current climate variability and climate
change,
o conduct a participatory assessment of local vulnerability to current climate
variability,
o conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to climate change,
o solicit input on projects that can reduce vulnerability to climate related shocks,
o solicit input on criteria for prioritizing these projects.
Input: the vulnerability synthesis report will serve as input to stage 2 meetings.
Output: stage 2 meetings will assist the NPCU to (a) prepare a comprehensive list of
potential adaptation options, and (b) finalize country-driven criteria for assessing adaptation
activities.
 Stage 3: Project Ranking: Two-day workshops will be held among each of the four
stakeholder groups during months 12 through 14, to discuss on potential adaptation activities.
Stage 3 meetings will accomplish the following:
o generate dialogue on the set of (as yet unprioritized) adaptation activities,
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
o solicit input on project priorities (based on the criteria proposed and adopted by
the NAPA team).
Input: the three synergies reports, and the evaluation criteria report will serve as input to
stage 3 meetings.
Output: stage 3 meetings will assist the NPCU in culling and refining the comprehensive list
of adaptation activities into a set of ranked adaptation options.
Stage 4: Project Selection: A one-day workshop will be held among the national stakeholder
group during the 16th month of the project. During this workshop, the NAPA team will
present the set of projects, prioritized during the regional consultative process. From these,
the national stakeholder group will be charged with selecting a final list of projects to be
included in the final NAPA document. Stage 4 meetings will accomplish the following:
o generate dialogue on the list of ranked adaptation priorities,
o generate consensus regarding a finalized list of national adaptation activities.
Input: the sector-specific project reports will serve as input to stage 4 meetings.
Output: stage 4 meetings will result in a finalized list of national adaptation activities to be
included in the final NAPA document.
Stage 5: Public presentation: An end-of-project workshop will be convened in Asmara
during the 17th month of the project. The purpose of this meeting is to present the final
NAPA document emerging from regional/national consultations, and will be open to the
public at large. Stage 5 meetings will accomplish the following:
o launch a 1-week period of public comment,
o generate comments to be incorporated into the final NAPA document
Input: the complete NAPA document will serve as input to the stage 5 process.
Output: the stage 5 process will result in a final, revised NAPA document, based on public
comment.
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Figure A2.1: Flow Chart of Consultative Process
Stakeholder assessment and organization
activities coordinated by the NPCU
Pre-consultation
Stage 1
Workshops
Zone 1
meeting
Zone 2
meeting
Zone 3
meeting
National
meeting
Consultation synthesis, report preparation,
organization of Stage 2 workshops
Stage 2
Workshops
Zone 1
meeting
Zone 2
meeting
Zone 3
meeting
National
meeting
Consultation synthesis, report preparation,
organization of Stage 3 workshops
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Stage 3
Workshops
Zone 1
meeting
Zone 2
meeting
Zone 3
meeting
National
meeting
Consultation synthesis, report preparation,
organization of Stage 4 workshop
National
meeting
Stage 4
Workshop
Consult synthesis, NAPA report preparation,
organization of Stage 4 workshop
Public
meeting
Stage 5
Workshop
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Annex 3: Job Descriptions
There are several individuals that will need to be recruited for coordination and technical tasks,
as identified below. Job descriptions for each follows.
1. NAPA Project Coordinator
2. NAPA Project Assistants
3. Short-term national consultants
3a. Consultative process
3b.Synergy assessment
3c. Evaluation criteria
3d. Adaptation Activity Portfolio
4. International backstopping organization of expert
1. NAPA Project Coordinator (PC)
Duties:
The Project Coordinator in liaison and consultation with the Steering Committee will be
responsible for the day-to-day management, co-ordination and supervision of the implementation
of the project. The project manager’s duties will include among others:
 to prepare a detailed work plan for the project and draft terms of reference for the
subcontracts (in consultation with the SC and UNDP);
 to organize and supervise the workshops and training needed during the project;
 to identify and hire the project assistants (PA-T and PA-C in consultation with the SC);
 to identify and hire/subcontract the national experts and institutions (in consultation with
the SC);
 to liaise with relevant ministries, national and international research institutions, NGOs,
and other relevant institutions in order to involve their staff in project activities, and to
gather and disseminate information relevant to the project;
 to prepare periodic progress reports of the project;
 to control the expenditures and to ensure otherwise an adequate management of the
resources provided for the project;
 to summarize the results of the project;
 to finalize the NAPA process together government personnel and national experts; and
 to initiate and mobilize resources for the potential follow-up activities.
Qualifications:
 Advanced degree (at least M.Sc) in energy, environmental management or the natural
sciences;
 A minimum of 10 years of working experience in the area relevant to the project;
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A demonstrated ability in managing projects, and liaisoning and cooperating with all
project personnel including government officials, scientific institutions, NGOs and
private sector;
Fluency in the government’s official language; and
Computer literacy.
2. NAPA Project Assistants
Duties:
 To assist the Project Coordinator in carrying out coordination tasks related to the
consultative process, the development of the various technical reports, and the regional
consultations.
Qualifications:
 BSc. degree or higher in relevant field;
 A minimum of 5 years of working experience in the area relevant to the project;
 Fluency in the government’s official language; and
 Computer literacy.
3a. Short-Term National Consultant - Consultative Process (25 days)
Duties:
The short-term national consultant for the consultative process in liaison with the Project
Coordinator and the Consultative Assessment Task Force will be responsible for the assessment
of options for carrying out the regional stakeholder consultative process. Duties will include:
 to undertake an assessment of options for executing the consultative process that
organizes community knowledge and experience regarding vulnerability to climate
shocks, and identifying priorities for adaptation activity activities;
 to prepare a final report on all aspects of the consultative process to be undertaken;
 to organize training as necessary for the various stakeholder assessment teams
Qualifications:
 MSc. degree or higher in social sciences or related field;
 At least five years working experience in relevant field;
 Fluency in government working languages;
 Computer literacy.
3b. Short Term National Consultant(s) – Synergy Assessments
Duties:
The short-term national consultant(s) for the synergy assessments in liaison with the Project
Coordinator and the Synergy Assessment Task Force will be responsible for assessing the
complementarity between current environmental initiatives and potential adaptation-related
activities. Duties will include:
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
to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and multilateral environmental
agreements. This report will 1) assess synergies and potential barriers between climate
change adaptation measures and those measures already positioned in the national
dialogue through the MEA processes, 2) identify a set of adaptation activities that can
satisfy multiple objectives, and 3) scope out institutional linkages that can provide the
makings of a NAPA implementation framework. (20 days)
to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and policy/programme
initiatives. This report will 1) outline initiatives with synergies between current national
policies, plans and mechanisms relevant to climate change vulnerability and the country’s
adaptation needs, 2) highlight potential barriers to implementing adaptation activity, and
3) describe the potential for institutional linkages in order to accomplish mutual goals.
(20 days)
to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and project initiatives. This
report will 1) review the range of adaptation-relevant projects taking place and 2) rank
them in terms of their potential for synergy with climate change adaptation. (20 days)
to prepare a comprehensive summary report. The conclusions of the above suite of
reports, plus inputs from the consultative process itself, will be synthesized into a report
outlining a comprehensive, preliminary set of sector-specific and cross-cutting
adaptation-relevant projects. (15 days)
Qualifications:
 MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field;
 At least ten years working experience in relevant field;
 Fluency in government working languages;
 Computer literacy.
3c. Short Term National Consultant – Evaluation Criteria
Duties:
The short-term national consultant for the evaluation criteria assessment in liaison with the
Project Coordinator and the Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force will be responsible for
assessing the complementarity between current environmental initiatives and potential
adaptation-related activities. Duties will include:
 To prepare a report that assesses evaluation criteria that would be suitable for use in
identifying high-priority adaptation activities. The report will build upon guidance in the
NAPA Annotated Guidelines and will examine appropriate tools (e.g., cost-benefit
analysis, multi-criteria analysis, precautionary principle, etc.) to evaluate the tradeoffs
among appropriate criteria (e.g., degree of risk, historic loss of life and livelihood,
poverty reduction potential of project, etc.) that could be applied to the process of NAPA
project identification. (25 days)
Qualifications:
 MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field;
 At least ten years working experience in relevant field;
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
Fluency in government working languages;
Computer literacy.
3d. Short Term National Consultant – Adaptation Project/Activity Portfolio
Duties:
The short-term national consultant for the adaptation project/activity portfolio in liaison with the
Project Coordinator and the Project Portfolio Task Force will be responsible for preparing an
adaptation activity portfolio of high priority projects. Duties will include:
 To prepare a series of draft reports - one for each of the vulnerable sectors identified, plus
one for any cross-cutting initiatives - that summarize the application of the evaluation
criteria to a set of activities and/or projects identified during the consultation process.
Each report to be structured as follows: a) Characterization of each activity/project in
terms of basic information (e.g., costs, institutional responsibility), b) application of
evaluation criteria to each project, yielding some form of quantitative or qualitative score
(depending on how the evaluation criteria was framed by the Short Term National
Consultant – Evaluation Criteria), c) ranking of all projects into either high, medium, or
low-priority projects; and d) additional explanatory remarks that address any issues not
able to be adequately incorporated into the evaluation scheme. (35 days)
Qualifications:
 MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field;
 At least ten years working experience in relevant field;
 Fluency in government working languages;
 Computer literacy.
4. International Backstopping Organization or Expert
The international technical backstopping organization will work in close consultation with the
NAPA project manager, the climate change focal point and the NAPA Steering Committee on
how to achieve a successful NAPA process. The expert will give guidance in order to assist the
PC in achieving the objectives of the NAPA process.
Duties:
 Review and comment upon the background materials compiled and prepared by the
NPCU.
 Provide guidance to the Task Forces on the various activities being undertaken under
NAPA process to achieve the best results.
 Review and provide feedback on each of the intermediate technical reports prepared by
short-term national consultants.
 Review the list of adaptation projects/activities for immediate needs and actions so that
sourcing of international donor assistance is obtained with minimum constraints.
 Provide advice on the final national NAPA report before submission to COP of the
UNFCCC.
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Qualifications:
Personnel from the international backstopping organization should have the following minimum
qualifications:
 MSc or higher degree in environmental or natural sciences
 Ten years or more of working experience in the relevant field especially in preparation of
reports under GEF funding
 Experience in LDC situations and activities relevant at national and UNFCCC levels.
 Experience in supporting capacity strengthening processes; and
 Computer literacy.
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