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UNITED NATIONS DEVELOPMENT PROGRAMME GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL FACILITY PROPOSAL FOR FUNDING FOR THE PREPARATION OF A NATIONAL ADAPTATION PROGRAM OF ACTION (NAPA) Country name: Eritrea Project title: Development of a National Adaptation Programme of Action (NAPA) GEF Implementing Agency: United Nations Development Programme GEF operational focal point: Tekleab Mesghena, Ministry of Land, Water and Environment Climate change focal point: Tekleab Mesghena, Ministry of Land, Water and Environment National executing agency: Department of Environment (DoE) Country eligibility: (i) LDC status UNCTAD/LDC/Misc.72 (ii) Date of UNFCCC Ratified in April 1995, Entered into Force in July 1995 GEF financing: US$ 200,000 Government contribution: US$ 17,600 Estimated total budget: US$ 217,600 Estimated starting date: December 2002 Duration: 18 months Table of Contents List of Acronyms iii 1.Background 1 2.Institutional Context 4 3.Objectives and Linkages to Ongoing Activities 5 (a) Objectives of the project ......................................................................................................... 5 (b) Status of enabling activities under multilateral environmental agreements ............................ 6 (c) Status of related MEA activities............................................................................................ 10 (d) Status of other related activities ............................................................................................ 10 4.Project Activities and Outputs 17 a) Establish institutional structure for the preparation of the NAPA document ........................ 17 b) Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team .................................................... 18 c) Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change ............................... 19 d) Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability .............. 20 e) Identify key climate change adaptation measures ................................................................. 22 f) Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities ................................... 23 g) Develop proposals for priority adaptation activities, including stakholder consultations ..... 24 h) Distribute draft NAPA document for public review ............................................................. 25 i) Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society representatives ............ 25 j) Disseminate NAPA document to Public.................................................................................... 26 5.Institutional Arrangements for Oversight and Coordination (a) High level political oversight, coordination and policy integration ...................................... 26 (b) Project management and operational coordination ............................................................... 27 26 Coordination with climate change team for the country’s national communication to the UNFCCC .......................................................................................................................................... 29 (c) (d) Coordination with other teams for the preparation of national reports ................................. 29 6.Timetable 30 7.Budget 33 Annex 1: List of References 35 i Annex 2: Overview of the Consultative Process 36 Annex 3: Job Descriptions 41 ii List of Acronyms APF Adaptation Policy Framework NAPA CATF Consultative Assessment Task Force National Adaptation Programme of Action NAPCD National Action Programme for combating desertification DAE Desk for Agricultural Extension DoE Department of Environment NBSAP National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan ECATF Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force NCSU National Communications Support Unit EEA Eritrean Environmental Agency GCM General Circulation Model NEMP-E National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea GEF Global Environment Facility NGO Non-governmental organization GoE Government of Eritrea NPCU ICMPEC International Cooperation, Macro Policy and Economic Coordination National Project Coordination Unit PA-C NAPA project assistant to coordinate consultative process IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development PA-T INC First National Communications under the Framework Convention on Climate Change NAPA project assistant to coordinate technical report preparation process PPTF Project Portfolio Task Force SATF Synergy Assessment Task Force IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change SC Steering Committee IFS Integrated Farming Systems SG Stakeholder group LDC Least Developed Country TC Technical Committee LEG Least Developed Country Expert Group TOR Terms of Reference UNCBD United Nations Framework Convention on Biological Diversity UNCCD United Nations Framework Convention to Combat desertification MAT Multidisciplinary Assessment Team MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreement MoA Ministry of Agriculture MoEM Ministry of Energy and Mines UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development MLWE Ministry of Land Water and Environment UNDAF United Nations Development Assistance Framework MOTC Ministry of Transportation and Communication UNDP United Nations Development Programme iii UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change UNSO Unite Nations Office to Combat Desertification and Drought V&A vulnerability and adaptation WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development ZPCU Zonal Project Coordination Unit 4 1. Background 1. Located in the Horn of Africa, Eritrea occupies a total area of just over 120 thousand square kilometers, the majority of which is arid land. Throughout much of the country, water resources are limited, soil fertility is low, and drought is common. Compounded by a range of human pressures, these underlying conditions create a state of vulnerability to climate impacts, and a troubling picture of the country’s vulnerability to anticipated climate change. 2. Eritrea is bordered to the north and west by Sudan, to the south by Ethiopia, and shares a small border to the southeast, with Djibouti. Endowed with a 1,900-kilometer coastline, the country’s expansive territorial waters encompass 120,000 km2 of the Red Sea. Eritrea’s geography can be divided into three general regions: the central highlands, the midlands and the lowlands (DoE, 2001a).1 3. As of 2001, Eritrea’s ethnically diverse population was 3.5 million, with an annual growth rate of about 3 percent - one of the highest in the world. Because of the more favorable highland climate, two thirds of the population resides in this region. More than 80 percent of the population lives in rural areas. 4. The Eritrean climate is currently diverse, ranging from semi-desert (39% of total land area), to arid lowlands (34%), to temperate sub-humid pockets (<1%) and moist highlands (7.4%). Mirroring this topographical variation, rainfall varies widely, from less than 100 mm per year in certain parts of the coastal lowlands, to 700 mm in the central highlands, to more than 900 mm annually in the small sub-humid zone. 5. This geographical diversity means that certain of Eritrea’s ecological zones are confined to small areas, with human communities, flora and fauna highly adapted to subsist within them. Other zones are much larger, supporting the majority of the country’s agricultural production. 6. In both cases, climate change poses a major threat. For example, according to the country’s First National Communications to the UNFCCC, under a scenario of doubling greenhouse gas concentration, temperature across the country is expected to rise an average of 4.1 degrees Celsius over the next century, overshadowing the comparatively modest increase in precipitation, and leading to increased pressures on the delicate agriculture and water resources sectors. Under changing climatic conditions, resulting changes in the distribution and productivity of Eritrea’s natural resources – its soils, surface waters, grasslands, and forests – will have significant repercussions for many of its people (see Box 1.1). 7. Currently, Eritrea is burdened with low human and economic development, serious environmental problems, and a high degree of vulnerability to climatic variability. The country’s major environmental problems are soil erosion, desertification, deforestation and overgrazing – all compounded by loss of infrastructure from recent warfare. One of Africa’s more industrialized areas in the mid-1900s, Eritrea’s colonial industrial Unless otherwise noted, information for this section is drawn from Eritrea’s Initial National Communications Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, DoE (2001a). 1 1 Box 1.1 Climate Change Impact Overview Temperature in Eritrea is expected to increase by about 40 C and precipitation will show modest increases, according to general circulation models under a doubling of CO2, potentially leading to the following impacts (DoE, 2001a): Agriculture: Two crops, sorghum and barley, were assessed. Growth duration and biological yields of barley would decrease both under rain fed and irrigated conditions. Analysis also predicted an increase in growing period, which could result in increase biological yields of sorghum under both rain fed and irrigation. Water: Nearly 30% less runoff would result, relative to observed data, due to the expected increase in temperature, which in turn would lead to increased evapotranspiration. Forestry: Profound shifts in bio-climatic zones are expected. For example, tropical thorn (Grasslands/Wooded Grasslands) woodland would come to dominate a large portion of the central highlands, the eastern and western escarpment, and central part of the western lowland. Northern areas would be overcome by tropical desert scrub (bush lands / scrublands). Coastal Environment: Ports would be vulnerable to a 0.5 – 1.0-meter sea level rise. Temperature increases could also adversely affect local flora and fauna of coastal areas, as well as the biological equilibrium of marine life. Human Health: Anopheles vectors would increase and with it the incidence and prevalence of malaria. The appearance of malaria at altitudes close to 2000 meters is a new phenomenon in the country, but with increasing temperatures, the malaria altitude belt is expected to widen. This could be compounded by the already high incidence and prevalence of diarrhea, upper respiratory infection and malnutrition. infrastructure fell into disrepair in later colonial years and has suffered further during the fighting with Ethiopia. 8. In recent years, Eritrea has made development strides, yet profound poverty and other challenges persist. Factors such as life expectancy (at 52 years), adult literacy (at 55.7 %), school enrollment (at 26%), and GDP per capita (at US$200/year) combine to place Eritrea at 17th from the bottom of the Human Development Index (at 157th). According to the UNDP Human Development Report (2002), more than half of the country does not have access to improved water sources, 53% lives below the national poverty line, and 44% of all children under five years of age are underweight. 9. Traditional subsistence agriculture dominates the Eritrean economy, with over 80% of the population dependent upon crop production and/or livestock husbandry to support their livelihoods. Yet the sector’s contribution to GDP is comparatively small, indicating low productivity (MoLWE, 2002). The sector is dominated by small-scale farmers who employ largely rain-fed practices – a state which renders Eritrea highly vulnerable to climate variability (as seen during past persistent drought), and thus to climate change. Eradicating poverty through improved agricultural production is among Eritrea’s primary development objectives. Its diverse agro-ecological zones offer the potential to produce a range of crops, as well as livestock. Yet production remains low, due in large part to the vulnerability of rain-fed practices to rainfall variability and prolonged drought. 10. Sustainable use of its marine and coastal environment is seen as one of the most important potential drivers of Eritrea’s development. Coral reefs, seagrass and mangroves provide the coastal zone with important biodiversity, and in turn, fisheries and tourism potential. Yet, 2 as seen around the world, coastal ecosystems are vulnerable to extreme climatic events and to the warming and extreme events associated with climate change. 11. Eritrea’s energy profile provides another telling view of the country’s development circumstances. Throughout the country, biomass is still the major source of energy. The energy balance for the year 2000 showed that total primary energy supply was around 725,000 tons of oil equivalent (toe), of which 65% was derived from local biomass fuels, with the remainder coming from imported oil products (MOEM, 2001). There is a 500 kW solar PV system in the country, installed mainly for water pumping, power health centers, schools, communications, but this remains a minor factor in the larger energy balance. The total final energy supply in 2000 was 653,550 toe, of which nearly 70% was consumed by the household sector, 17.5% by the public and commercial sectors, 11% for transportation and just under 3% by industry. Rural electrification levels are only 2%; overall, just 21% of the Eritrean population has access to electricity (MOEM, 2001). Rural households continue to get fully 95% of their energy from biomass sources, contributing to deforestation and desertification. 12. Layered on top of the prevailing conditions of poverty and under-development, environmental and climatic factors create a number of pressing challenges for Eritrea. Desertification, brought on by human land-use pressures and recurrent drought, has consumed significant land area and continues to threaten arable land. Depletion of forests threatens species, communities, and reduces other services forests provide. These examples represent the type of current environmental concerns that could be exacerbated under climate change conditions. 13. In response to these challenges, Eritrea has sought support from the international community to promote sustainable development. The country has engaged in international environmental processes, developed national policies and plans, started strategic research programs, implemented monitoring mechanisms, facilitated ground-level development work, and sought to strengthen human and institutional capacity. 14. Eritrea is presently engaged in a range of efforts, as outlined in section 3, which if sustained would support a sustainable development trajectory. Yet, its vulnerability to climate change threatens to obstruct such efforts. Adaptation-related activities that build upon existing national processes forge new linkages where possible, and break new ground where needed, have the potential to reduce this vulnerability. The NAPA process - and the scoping, consultation and prioritization processes embedded therein - offer a framework for enabling adaptation action. 15. Despite its many challenges, Eritrea is a country with untapped resource potential – e.g., fisheries, mining and tourism – and human capability. While in certain respects, the country is quite exposed to the potential impacts of climate change, it is simultaneously poised to undertake proactive steps that can preempt certain negative impacts, mitigate others, and enable the country to adapt to a changing climate. 3 2. Institutional Context 16. The Department of Environment (DoE), which was created in 1997 and placed under the oversight of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, is now the National Focal Point for the UNFCCC. In this role, the DoE is responsible for coordinating implementation of the Convention; this coordination extends not only to government entities but, in some cases, to NGOs as well. The Eritrean Environmental Agency (EEA) under the Ministry of Local Government was initially responsible for environmental policy in Eritrea. In 1997, however, the EEA was transformed into the DoE, which has both a national bureau and offices in each of the country’s six administrative regions. Institutionally, the DoE’s effectiveness has been recognized as constrained due to an inadequate legal framework for environmental action (DoE, 2001b). However, the draft National Environmental Law will be finalized soon and has the potential to significantly increase the DoE’s regulatory clout and institutional strength. 17. In addition to DoE’s role, participation of certain government institutions – primarily the national line ministries – has been essential for ensuring the effective implementation of the UNFCCC activities. In Eritrea, a national steering committee – the National Core Planning Team – was created to assist in the coordination and harmonization of national efforts relating to climate change. This Core Planning Team is composed of representatives from several relevant ministries, including the Ministries of Land, Water and Environment (MLWE), Mines and Energy, Agriculture, Fisheries, and Trade and Industry. Within Ministries, particular departments, such as the Water Resources Department of MLWE provided specialized support, while the University of Asmara (e.g., the Department of Geography) provided key support in areas of research and training. 18. The coordination roles played by the DoE and the Core Planning Team are particularly important given that the various line ministries are often responsible for environmental issues relating to their specific sectors, while the issues to be addressed are often intersectoral (as in the case of disaster planning or coastal zone management, for instance). In certain cases, responsibilities for a sector are divided between ministries (i.e. some land issues are addressed by the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, while others are addressed by the Ministry of Agriculture). 19. Given the potential fragmentation of climate change responsibilities, a proposed change to the institutional structure for UNFCCC implementation in Eritrea is the establishment of a strong National Climate Change Secretariat under the Department of Environment. The purpose of this Secretariat would be to take on the responsibility for coordination of national climate change efforts. 4 3. Objectives and Linkages to Ongoing Activities (a) Objectives of the project 20. The primary goal of the NAPA process is to broadly communicate to the international community priority activities that address Eritrea’s urgent needs for adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change. 21. To achieve its goal, the following specific objectives will be pursued: Ensure adequate stakeholder representation in the development of the NAPA document; Identify a comprehensive range climate change adaptation strategies; Establish country-driven criteria by which to evaluate and prioritize adaptation measures; Make consensus-based recommendations for adaptation activities; and As needed, recommend capacity building, and policy, programme, and institutional integration, as part of adaptation priority activities. 22. The NAPA process will consist of the following major types of activities: Scoping activities, through which available and pertinent information related to vulnerability and adaptation options will be collected, reviewed and synthesized; Consultation activities, through which the perspectives of those most exposed to climate impacts will be conveyed on both pressing vulnerabilities and promising adaptation options; and Prioritization activities, through which country-driven criteria will be applied to prioritize adaptation action. 23. As part of these activities, the following major types of tasks will be pursued: Establishing a NAPA team to coordinate activities and conduct multidisciplinary assessments; Integrating a broad range of Eritrean stakeholder perspectives in the NAPA document; Identifying a comprehensive set of potential climate change adaptation activities based on a review of existing action plans developed to comply with multilateral environmental agreements and other sustainable development initiatives; Developing country-driven criteria by which to evaluate and prioritize potential climate adaptation activities; Summarizing a set of consensus-driven set of high priority adaptation activities into a finalized NAPA document and adaptation activity portfolio; and Disseminating the results of the NAPA process to the Eritrean public. 5 24. Understanding and exploiting potential synergies between climate change adaptation and existing national action plans for promoting sustainable development underlie the objectives of the Eritrean NAPA process. There are believed to be numerous initiatives, projects, and/or strategies already proposed or in effect, upon which the NAPA process could build. For example, Action Plans meeting multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) objectives can complement objectives for adapting to the adverse impacts of climate change. The NAPA process will synthesize and build upon the experience and investment of relevant MEAs, government programs, GEF activities, etc., discussed below. (b) Status of enabling activities under multilateral environmental agreements 25. Over the past several years, Eritrea has made significant strides in strengthening technical capacity as participants in the following multilateral environmental agreements (MEAs): Framework convention on climate change (UNFCCC); Framework convention on biological diversity (UNCBD); and Framework convention to combat desertification (UNCCD). 26. Each of these MEAs has evolved along quite distinct paths in Eritrea, with different communication products, institutional leads, and schedule, as shown in Table 3.1. Importantly, current versions of the national action plans contain certain elements that contribute directly to preserving biological diversity and combating desertification, while contributing implicitly to enhancing local resilience to climate change. The NAPA process will seek to identify specific initiatives that could be credited as climate adaptation activities. This process will enhance local capacity in exploiting the range of positive synergies embedded in the national discourse for enhancing environmental quality. Table 3.1: Status of Key MEAs Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation Convention UN Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Biological Diversity UN Convention to Combat Desertification Communication Signature Accession Eritrea’s Initial National Communication under the UNFCCC Signature Accession National Biodiversity Strategy & Action Plan National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (1 st National Report) National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (2nd National Report, Jan-April 1998) Signature Ratification National Action Programme to Combat Desertification National Report on the Implementation of the UNCCD The Second National Report on the Implementation of UNCCD 6 Lead --GoE DoE --GoE DoE DoE DoE ----MoA MoA MoA Submission --April 1995 September 2002 --March 1996 August 2000 January 1998 Under Preparation October 1994 August 1996 January 2002 May 1999 April 2002 27. As will be seen in the following sections, there are ample opportunities for actions taken under the various conventions to complement actions taken to promote climate change adaptation, as protection of biodiversity and combating land degradation will both enhance the resilience of the country’s social, economic, and ecological systems. Indeed, the key challenges that have been identified for adaptation are often representative of a more general need to build local and national capacity for effective environmental management. 28. Eritrea acceded to the UNFCCC on April 24, 1995 and in 1997 designated the Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment as its National Focal Point (DoE, 2001a).2 In addition, an inter-institutional Core Planning Team is responsible for coordinating implementation of the UNFCCC (see section 2). 29. Eritrea’s Initial National Communication (INC), submitted in September 2002, emphasizes that mitigation of greenhouse gases is a relatively low priority for the country, although where mitigation activities are supportive of other goals (such as poverty alleviation) these possibilities will be pursued. Some potential activities in this area include reforestation/afforestation, renewable energy technologies, and public transportation. Of much higher priority, however, are adaptation activities, which are often highly consistent with national objectives of food security and poverty reduction. 30. Vulnerability assessments reported in the INC focused on the following five sectors: Agriculture: reduced barley yield resulting from higher temperatures and moisture and nutrient stress; Water Resources: Up to 29.5% reduction in run-off in the Mereb-Gash basin, an area with relatively high agricultural potential; Forestry: Potentially dramatic shifts in distribution and area of forest types; Coastal Environment: Submersion of infrastructure and other economic installations in the port city of Massawa; and Human Health: expansion of the malaria belt to higher altitudes, with corresponding increases in the number of malaria cases. 31. In many cases, there are opportunities for substantial synergies among the actions recommended for climate change adaptation and those proposed in the context of the UN CBD and UNCCD (described below). Some examples of these potential synergies are shown in Table 3.2. 32. Eritrea ratified the UNCBD in March 1996. Institutionally, the national focal point is also the DoE of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment (DoE, 2000; DoE, 1997). Other partner institutions include the Ministry of Agriculture (for agro-biodiversity), the Ministry of Fisheries (for marine biodiversity and coastal zone management), and the University of Asmara (for training and research). Unless otherwise noted, information in this section comes primarily from Eritrea’s Initial National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, 2001). 2 7 Table 3.2: Examples of proposed adaptation options and potential complementarity with the biodiversity and desertification conventions INC (UNFCCC) Sector Agriculture Water Forestry Coastal Environment Action Type NBSAP (CBD) NAP (CCD) Sample Recommended Action Soil and water conservation Protect and sustainably use natural resource base on which agriculture depends Improve crop management practices that enhance soil moisture retention of agricultural land Encourage agricultural practices that promote soil and water conservation (such as mixed cropping, contour cultivation, etc.) Disaster preparedness Construct a comprehensive information system and early warning system Design a monitoring program to identify changes in crop and forage diversity at farm level Develop a national Drought-Preparedness and Mitigation Plan Conservation through pricing Institute effective water pricing policies NA Ensure that all water users pay appropriately regulated prices for the water used Information systems Establish and strengthen a national meteorological and hydrological information system NA Create monitoring systems for surface water, ground water, and water quality Protected areas Delineate areas for the conservation of forest genetic resources Identify, survey, and demarcate borders of representative protected areas Establish gazetted protected areas Fuelwood demand management Improve wood stoves and substitute with alternative energy sources Substitute fuelwood Disseminate improved traditional wood stoves Coastal zone planning Develop an integrated coastal zone management plan Formulate an integrated Coastal Marine and Island Development and Zoning Plan NA 33. The process of preparing the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) began in June 1997 and extended through July 2000. Two assessment reports were also prepared as a part of this process: the Eritrea Biodiversity Stocktaking Assessment Report and the Eritrea Biodiversity Economic Assessment. 34. Through the NBSAP process, ten clusters of activities (“themes”) were identified as being of particular importance in the Eritrean context: Integrated management Sustainable use of natural resources Alien invasive species Pollution management 8 In-situ conservation Ex-situ conservation Taxonomic knowledge Information acquisition and storage Public awareness and education Legal and institutional structure 35. These themes are intended to facilitate linkages among activities involving a variety of institutions and addressing the three major types of biodiversity of concern in Eritrea: terrestrial, marine, and agricultural. Follow-up action on the NBSAP has been limited thus far (DoE, 2001b). 36. Potential linkages between UNFCCC adaptation and UNCBD activities are evident in the Forestry, Agriculture, and Coastal Area sectors, where protecting biodiversity will yield climate change adaptation benefits. 37. Land degradation is considered by many to be one of Eritrea’s most pressing environmental challenges. Accordingly, Eritrea signed the UNCCD in October 1994, ratified it in August 1996, and has since submitted two National Reports as well as the National Action Program (NAP) (MoA, 2002a; MoA, 2002b). Institutionally, unlike the UNFCCC and the UN CBD, the national focal point for the UNCCD is the Ministry of Agriculture (MoA). The MoA’s Land Resources and Crop Production Department is the head of the UNCCD National Coordination Body. Changes to the institutional structure for coordinating the UNCCD have been proposed to improve coordination at all levels – from the national to the village. 38. The Ministry of Agriculture was responsible for developing the NAP, which was completed in January 2002 with the assistance of UNDP-UNSO and IGAD, among others. The NAP is designed around five “pillars”: Improving knowledge; Empowering people and institutions; Addressing the concerns of vulnerable groups (women and pastoralists); Reducing poverty through income-generation; and Arresting land degradation and controlling desertification 39. The MoA is currently carrying out and/or coordinating activities to support these goals, including raising the productivity of traditional agriculture; improving control of water in areas of rainfed agriculture; and initiatives to improve soil fertility, among others. Given the importance of some of these issues to climate change adaptation, there are ample opportunities for complementarity between UNCCD implementation and UNFCCC adaptation activities (see Table 3.2). 40. Eritrea is now implementing a second enabling activity project under the CBD, entitled, “Additional Funding for Biodiversity Enabling Activities”, with the World Bank as the Implementing Agency. Under this project, capacity needs assessment will be carried out on 9 agro-biodiversity, alien invasive species, taxonomy and in-situ and ex-situ conservation. These are intended to create an enabling environment for the country to implement the National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan. (c) Status of related MEA activities 41. As of August 2002, Eritrea is a formal party to a number of other, related environmental conventions whose status is summarized in Table 3.3. While somewhat less relevant than the biodiversity and desertification conventions, they may also offer implicit complementary opportunities for the way in which the country adapts to climate change. 42. Action plans or strategies associated with the implementation of these MEAs contain information that can be built upon in order to provide a comprehensive picture of the relevant web of policy and institutional connections. Synergies revealed in this way can help to identify priority areas of adaptation action. 43. Each of the conventions below was assessed in an initial screening, relative to intersection with the vulnerable sectors identified in the previous section. The rightmost column in Table 3.3 identifies those sectors that are tentatively considered to be complementary to the goals of climate change adaptation. Table 3.3: Status of Other MEAs Potentially Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation Convention Communication Lead Submission Sector Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) Convention on the International Maritime Organization World Heritage Convention Not yet communicated DoE Not yet submitted A, H Accession MoA A, C, F, WR Acceptance MOTC September 1994 October 2001 Acceptance ICMPEC October 2001 C, F C Notes: A=agriculture; C=coastal zone; F=forests; H=human health; WR=water resources MOTC = Ministry of Transportation and Communication ICMPEC – International Cooperation, Macropolicy and Economic Coordination (d) Status of other related activities 44. Implementing the various MEAs identified in the previous sections have led to activities, either in place or in development, that are potentially relevant to climate change adaptation. The major types of initiatives are as follows: Government Policies and Strategies: these are country-driven policy responses to environmental challenges motivated by either commitments under multilateral agreements or national sustainable development objectives; National Programmes: these are specific projects implemented to meet objectives of government policies, funded by national budget and/or bilateral donors; Intergovernmental/Multilateral Processes: these are scoping studies that address critical areas affecting or impeding national development; and 10 Other Multilateral Activities: these are assorted projects, largely funded through GEF, and focused on capacity building and sectoral development priorities. 45. While each of these initiatives has links with climate change adaptation, none have been directly motivated by climate change adaptation considerations. An initial review of these initiatives confirms that linkages are clear and could be strengthened. What is needed is a more detailed assessment to identify the nature of the link, its potential effectiveness at increasing resilience to climate shocks, and additional adjustments that could be made to further consolidate adaptation gains into existing or proposed activities. 46. Key government policies and strategies that have parallel aims to those of climate change adaptation are briefly discussed below. Citations are provided in Annex 1. 47. Some initial consideration of environmental policy issues was included as a part of the Macro-Policy, issued by the GoE in November 1994. This document included a short section identifying environmental policy “issues to be considered.” Two issues relevant to climate change adaptation included appropriate land use planning for agricultural development efforts and the concept of water as a strategic commodity. Overall, consideration of environmental policy questions was limited to a brief outline of the major issues of concern. However, as climate change adaptation in Eritrea is likely to require action and adjustment at the national scale in development policy, agricultural policy, food security policy, resource management policy, etc., it is expected to prove highly relevant to Eritrea’s Macro-Policy (GoE, 1994). 48. In 1995, a central policy document was developed to guide government action in the area of environment. Entitled the National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea (NEMPE), the process was overseen and coordinated by the Ministerial Council on the Environment, composed of the Ministers from 8 national ministries. NEMP-E drafts were prepared by a Technical Committee composed of members from 10 national ministries and the Land Commission. Over the course of the development of the Plan, the Technical Committee consulted teachers, women’s groups and others, in addition to conducting 23 regional seminars. 49. NEMP-E provides a relatively broad overview of the major environmental challenges facing the country, general priorities for action, and a specific plan of actions to be taken in each sector. In many cases, the concerns and recommendations in NEMP-E closely parallel those identified as central to climate change adaptation. This is particularly true of the sections addressing Water Resources, Land and Soils, Forests, and Coastal and Marine Resources, as well as selected measures regarding Energy, Public Health, Rangelands, and Biodiversity. For example, among its environmental management measures, the NEMP-E calls for the implementation of water conservation measures such as rainwater harvesting, the use of sustainable rangelands management methods, soil conservation through afforestation, and the establishment of coastal and marine protection zones – each of which could serve as a component of a national adaptation strategy. Though the NEMP-E has been criticized for a lack of wide dissemination and underutilization (EAE, 1995; DoE, 2001b), the NAPA process may offer an opportunity for exploring synergies and shared 11 goals between the NEMP-E and adaptation, and could thereby help to revitalize specific activities of the former while advancing the goals of the latter. 50. Another more general policy, the Transitional Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2001-2002, also includes a section on environmental policies, in which it identifies water, deforestation, land and pasture degradation, and deterioration of the urban environment as Eritrea’s most pressing environmental problems. It also sets out four core program areas for the Department of Environment for 2001-2002. As will be described below, each of these core program areas contains elements considered vital to climate change adaptation (GoE, 2001). 51. A number of specific government programs relate to climate change adaptation in Eritrea. Four core DoE programs for 2001-2002 are described here, as well as a number of programs under other ministries. The four core DoE programs correspond to recommendations made in an August 2001 DoE Institutional and Organizational Capacity Needs Assessment. Many of the remaining programs are carried out by the MoA and address issues relating to land degradation, afforestation, and water management. 52. Management of terrestrial and agricultural biodiversity (A core program of the DoE for 2001-2002): This program, administered by the DoE and the MoA, seeks “to facilitate and direct the planned expansion of production systems and the resettlement of populations in an environmentally sustainable manner while conserving and protecting critical biodiversity resources.” Biodiversity management – both wild and agricultural – is a key element of adaptation goals in the agricultural and forestry sectors. Maintaining agricultural biodiversity is critically important for food security under climate change conditions, in that it provides access to crop types that can withstand different extreme climatic conditions. ‘Wild’ biodiversity is essential as well, in that it can provide options for livelihood diversification and income generation, contribute to maintaining critical services provided by ecosystems, provide famine foods, offer tourism potential, etc.. 53. Management of marine and coastal biodiversity (A core program of the DoE for 20012002): This program, which has the potential to support adaptation efforts for the coastal environment, is administered in collaboration with the Ministries of Fisheries and Tourism, as well as the University of Asmara and a variety of private sector and civil society entities. It seeks to “develop the knowledge base and the institutional mechanisms required for integrated coastal zone management.” Some elements of this program involve collaboration with other entities (particularly the Ministry of Fisheries) and have received GEF funding (see “Conservation Management of Eritrea’s Coastal, Marine, and Island Biodiversity” in Table 3.4). Eritrea’s coastal zone is considered one of its most undeveloped and promising resources, through increased fisheries exploitation as well as tourism. Yet, it is also a fragile environment in which the impacts of a changing climate are likely to be felt strongly (on e.g., coral reefs, fish nurseries, mangroves, desert and semidesert ecosystems). Thus, the integration of adaptation considerations into this management plan is critical for the resource. 12 Table 3.4: GEF (and other UN) Activities Relevant to Climate Change Adaptation Focal Area Project Title Project Description Project Type Biodiversity Conservation of Coral Reef Biodiversity through Community-Based Resources Management The project will assist the Eritrean people in their capacity to develop integrated planning, policy legislation, surveys, pilot projects at the national and community-based levels to ensure, among other things, the continued integrity and resilience of coastal and marine ecosystems. PRIF Biodiversity Conservation Mgmt of Eritrea's Coastal, Marine and Island Biodiversity The objective of the project is to ensure the conservation and sustainable use of the globally significant biodiversity of Eritrea's coastal, marine and island (CMI) ecosystems. FP Climate Change Wind Energy Applications in Coastal Regions of Eritrea This pilot project will, among other things, help to provide poor rural communities with small-scale, decentralized wind stand-alone and hybrid systems. The project will demonstrate clean production of electricity, and the possibility of extension to additional favorable areas. PDF B Climate Change GLO: Building Human and Institutional Capacities to Address Climate Change Issues in Least-Developed Countries This project will generate improved communication between UNFCCC Secretariat, GEF and UNFCCC Focal Points and well as an improved understanding of LDCs needs and GEF interventions. EA Sources: http://www.undp.org/gef/portf/africa.htm; http://roo.undp.org/gef_dev/site/ 54. Technical studies and environmental information management (A core program of the DoE for 2001-2002): This program seeks to “develop the scientific and technical understanding of the Eritrean environment and to monitor key environmental parameters.” Monitoring – specifically of climatic variables, water quality and quantity, forest cover, soil moisture, fertility and loss, crop productivity, etc. – provides essential information to the process of adaptation, indicating where areas of critical concern exist, where losses are mounting, where gains are being made. Improved management of this type of information will be an important input to the adaptation process. 55. Environmental Impact Assessment and regulatory mechanisms (A core program of the DoE for 2001-2002): This program seeks to “broaden the understanding and use of the procedures and guidelines for EIA as both a planning and a regulatory tool among relevant ministries, local governments and investors.” Improved planning is considered essential to efforts to improve adaptation capacities in the various sectors identified as high priority for climate change adaptation (GoE, 2001). More specifically, certain anticipated outputs, such as guidelines for soil and water conservation infrastructure, will provide direct support to the adaptation process. 56. Land Productivity Management Initiative: LPMI is the new name given to the Soil Fertility Initiative launched by the MoA in 1998 after a high level national workshop, held in May 2000, comprehensively discussed the strategy and action plan. The action plan is designed to focus more attention on activities already addressing soil management, pilot new approaches to fertility enhancement, and mobilize resources to implement appropriate action. This holistic approach embraces the key issues of enhancing soil moisture availability through better rainwater management, improving top soil organic matter levels and farm and land management practices, to eventually lead to increased productivity. 13 57. Integrated Farming System Program: The IFS program was initiated by the MoA in 1998. The aim is to increase food production at household and national levels by converting idle but suitable areas to agricultural lands. This will be done by (a) using machinery, (b) providing of a package of agricultural inputs such as improved seeds, fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides on credit, and (c) training farmers to adopt modern agricultural practices. A similar program that complements the IFS is the Sasakawa Global 2000 Program that focuses on farmer households. These programs are currently under evaluation for possible negative environmental effects caused as a result of increasing food production. 58. Improved Cook Stove Dissemination Program: Administered by the Ministry of Energy and Mines, this program seeks to promote improved and more efficient biomass stoves in rural areas. The improved stoves developed by the Ministry at its Energy Research and Training Center have efficiency of over 20%, compared to the traditional rates below 10%. This implies reducing biomass consumption by over 50% and CO2 by 0.6 tons per year per household. Moreover, the stoves are designed to be smoke free, thereby eliminating health hazards to women and children, in particular. This program responds directly to the need to reduce loss of forest cover, an adaptation priority in parts of Eritrea where issues such as watershed degradation, reduced soil fertility, and desertification are currently increasing people’s vulnerability climate variability. 59. National Afforestation and Summer Youth Programs: The MoA’s afforestation program is multi-pronged. It facilitates the development of community woodlots and other tree planting efforts, and it also involves youth in a Summer Youth Program in planting trees, building terraces, and other activities. Insofar as this program succeeds in increasing people’s livelihood options and building the capacity of communities to withstand climate related shocks, it could contribute directly to Eritrea’s emerging adaptation goals. 60. Current Energy Related Programs: Efforts such as WEHAB (Water and sanitation, Energy, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity), the New Partnership for Africa (NEPAD), and the GoE “white papers” on poverty reduction strategies all emphasize the importance of modern energy services in rural areas for long-term sustainable development. The role modern energy can play in clean water supply and sanitation, improvement of health services, boosting agricultural productivity, and biodiversity conservation through proper management of forests/agroforestry, introduction and management of modern energy crops, etc., is of paramount importance to Eritrea. This justifies integrated planning that includes energy services as an adaptation means in all or most of the vulnerable sectors identified under the NAPA. Current energy related programs include: Power Expansion and Transmission Extension Project: where an 84 MW generating plant and a 70 km 132 kV and 148 of 66 kV transmission lines have added to the national grid system Rural Electrification of about 10,000 households per year Installation of solar PV systems (over 5000 kV so far) mostly for welfare applications 14 Assessment of the potentials of conventional (oil and gas) and renewable energy resources (wind and solar) for eventual development is in progress.3 61. Integrated Watershed Development Program: This program is administered by the MoA with initial financial assistance of assistance of DANIDA to reduce watershed degradation through watershed closures and afforestation, and expansion of the program to more watersheds is planned. Watershed degradation can reduce water quality and availability, increase the loss of fertile soils and the likelihood of low yields or crop failure, increase the risks associated with heavy rains and excess run-off, and in these ways, can raise the vulnerability of surrounding communities to climatic extremes. In Eritrea, watershed restoration may be an adaptation priority in both the water and forestry sectors. 62. Assessment and Management of Riverine Forests: A joint MoA/SOS Sahel project, this project focuses on the Gash and Barka riverine forests. The Riverine forest assessment is completed and a Management Plan prepared and is awaiting financial support for implementation 63. Closures Program: The MoA’s closures program sets aside nearly 193,000 hectares of land as temporary or permanent protected areas to permit the regeneration of natural vegetation, providing benefits in the forestry sector, among others (MoA, 2002b; DoE, 2000). The capacity to undertake such action is critical to the climate change adaptation process. For the reasons cited above, the reversal of land and watershed degradation will be a key adaptation priority if Eritrea hopes to rely upon its ecosystems, soils and waterways to provide essential services under changing climatic conditions. 64. Key Intergovernmental/Multilateral Processes that have parallel aims to those of climate change adaptation are briefly discussed below. Citations are provided in Annex 1. 65. Country Assessment Report on Sustainable Development Rio+10: While less comprehensive than, for instance, the UNCCD National Action Programme for Eritrea, the Rio+10 Report provides an important overview of a broad spectrum of sustainable development challenges in Eritrea, and begins to outline opportunities for policy and action synergies, much of which would closely support the process of adaptation. A key theme of the document is the need to increase the security of a population that is reliant upon a slim, and increasingly compromised resource base – the essential objective of an Eritrean adaptation process. 66. Other GEF Activities that have parallel aims to those of climate change adaptation are briefly outlined in Table 3.4. These activities are currently being implemented in Eritrea. Several of these are relevant to climate change adaptation, including: With its emphasis on sustainable coastal zone management, the “Conservation management of Eritrea's coastal, marine and island biodiversity” project can support 3 Preliminary findings show that the solar energy resource averages about 6 kWh/m2/day in most regions of the country. There is a 300 km stretch of wind class 7 sites along the southern coastal areas and at least two identified wind pass regions in the highlands where the wind averages 6m/s (wind class 5). Wind water pumping could be installed practically anywhere in the country. 15 Eritrea’s need to respond to the vulnerabilities of its coastal environment – from its coral reefs, to its fish nurseries, to its fishing grounds; The “Building Human and Institutional Capacities” project, specifically designed to improve implementation of the UNFCCC through capacity building, may serve to increase the ability of Eritrean institutions to undertake and manage an emerging adaptation process. Under PDF-A, Eritrea has now submitted to GEF, through UNEP, a proposal for funding on National Capacity Needs Self-Assessment for Global Environmental Management. This proposal focuses on the linkages and inter-linkages of biodiversity, land degradation and climate change issues and its implications for global environmental management at the national level. A project entitled, Integrated Community-Based Resource Management is under preparation for GEF funding. This cross-cutting project, which combines biodiversity conservation, climate change mitigation and community development goals, aims at combating land degradation by controlling deforestation, promoting reforestation and afforestation activities and rehabilitating degraded lands in selected areas. The reduction of carbon emissions from using less fuel wood and the carbon dioxide sink in effects is expected to contribute to mitigating global climate change. A regional preparatory assistance project on Protection of Key Bottlenecks Sites for Soaring Migratory Birds in the Rift Valley and Red Sea Flyway has just been endorsed. The Department of Land Resources and Crop Production of the MoA, in collaboration with Birdlife International will implement it. The overall objective is to protect the migrating populations of globally significant threatened soaring birds by ensuring safe passage between their breeding and wintering grounds. Enhancing Disaster Risk Management in the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD) sub-region, and Promotion of Crop Production in Dry Land Areas of the IGAD sub-region are projects being implemented by the IGAD countries. The Early Warning and Food Information System, which is also an ongoing project, has financial support of IGAD, Government of Italy through FAO, and DANIDA. 67. These and other GEF activities in Eritrea are shown in Table 3.4. 68. The material presented above is intended to provide an overview of activities planned or in process in Eritrea. However, it is important to note that additional sectors, such as energy and industry, have a role to play in the process of adaptation, but have not been covered here in any depth. 69. Similarly, it is important to bear in mind that difficulties in implementation, coordination and enforcement of these policies, programmes and projects inevitably exist and, in some cases, pose significant obstacles to their success. Additional sectors, as well as the types of challenges and impediments outlined here will need to be explored during the synergy scoping activities of the NAPA process (outlined below) in order for the NAPA process to 16 decide what existing initiatives it should build upon, who should be included in the process, and where it should focus its efforts. 4. Project Activities and Outputs 70. There are several major categories of activities associated with preparing the NAPA document. These activities are outlined below, together with the key output(s) envisioned. Establish institutional structure: key output is the organization of a set of administrative and oversight Committees for carrying out the NAPA process; Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team: key output is the organization of a technical Committee and Task Force units for carrying out technical assessments; Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change: key output is a report that provides a detailed summary of national vulnerability to climate change; Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability: key output is twofold – a multidisciplinary assessment of vulnerability risks and a consultative assessment of traditional knowledge of vulnerability risks; Identify key climate change adaptation measures: key output is a series of assessment reports on the degree of complementarity between climate change adaptation measures and action plans related to MEAs and other initiatives; Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities: key output is a consensus approach reflecting consultative inputs for prioritizing adaptation activities; Develop priority adaptation activities, including stakeholder consultations: key output is an adaptation activity portfolio reflecting consultative inputs; Distribute draft NAPA document for public review: key output is distribution of the 5-10 page draft NAPA document to the public at large, and assimilation of public comments into a final NAPA document; Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society representatives: key output is a review of the final NAPA document by key stakeholders and a formal endorsement by government; and Disseminate NAPA document to public: key output is the distribution of the final NAPA document, including translation as necessary. 71. Within these major categories, a number of specific tasks are proposed and briefly described in the sections below. Details regarding the sequencing of activities are provided in the detailed workplan in Section 6. a) Establish institutional structure for the preparation of the NAPA document 72. The NAPA process will include a range of activities, such as data collection, consultative meetings, policy/project synthesis efforts, and report preparation. Each task will require the services of a NAPA coordination team with technical skills and diversified capacity. Four 17 primary entities will be established to constitute the Eritrean NAPA Team, as described below, each with a unique composition and mandate. 73. The Eritrea NAPA Team will consist of three distinct coordination units, as identified below, and as described in detail in Section 5. The national climate change focal point will be responsible to establish the NAPA Team. National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU): coordination of all NAPA activities with its secretariat in the DoE; Zonal Project Coordination Unit (ZPCU): assistance to NPCU in coordination of sub-national stakeholder consultative process outside Asmara, with its secretariat within Zonal Ministry of Land, Water and Environment Branch Office; and Steering Committee (SC): provision of strategic oversight and policy guidance to the NAPA Team. b) Assemble a multidisciplinary integrated assessment team 74. While no new analyses are envisioned as part of the Eritrean NAPA process, there will nevertheless be several types of assessment efforts required as inputs to the development of the NAPA document. These assessments will be conducted with a multidisciplinary approach that focuses on both substance and process issues. 75. A multidisciplinary assessment team (MAT) will be assembled that will be charged with undertaking well-defined assessments and analyses on a commissioned basis. The MAT will be the technical support unit of the project. The NPCU, in coordination with the SC, will be responsible to establish the MAT. 76. Administratively, the MAT will function as a technical committee with four distinct Task Force units, each composed of national experts, as outlined below and described in detail in Section 5. Technical Committee (TC): provision of technical, multidisciplinary input to the NPCU and SC, including preparation and review of all technical reports; Consultative Assessment Task Force (CATF): assessment of options for executing the consultative process for identifying priorities for adaptation activity activities; Synergy Assessment Task Force (SATF): assessment of complementary climate change adaptation-relevant strategies, projects, policies, and other proposed initiatives that may be embedded in action plans for certain national sustainable development initiatives, multi-lateral environmental agreements (MEA), and other initiatives as described in the previous section. Given the size of the synergy assessment task, the SATF will be sub-divided into three smaller groups, each charged with developing one of the three synergies papers; Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force (ECATF): assessment of pertinent evaluation criteria to apply to a list of adaptation activities in order to produce a prioritized set; and 18 Project Portfolio Task Force (PPTF): preparation of an adaptation activity portfolio of all high-priority projects. 77. The MAT will avail itself of the suite of methods and approaches that are available for the implementation of the NAPA, including material from the Least Developed Country Expert Group (LEG), the UNDP Adaptation Planning Framework (APF) and others. The MAT will rely on assistance from UNDP and the LEG to identify appropriate methods and approaches for implementing their project, especially during the project start-up phase. Advice will also be sought for developing appropriate terms of reference of the technical components of the study. An initial step prior to the development of any of the various technical assessments will be to develop a suitable Terms of Reference (TOR). 78. Moreover, the MAT will seek advice from the UNDP regarding the availability of highlyqualified international institutions competent to provide technical backstopping services to the NAPA process. The MAT in consultation with the NPCU and SC will have the option of either directly selecting one or more of these institutions to backstop the Eritrean NAPA process, or issuing a request for proposals to these institutions to provide backstopping services. The strengthening of national and regional capacity will be one of the criteria used to the select the backstopping mechanisms. The UNDP/NCSU will work closely with Eritrea at all stages of project implementation by providing overall technical guidance, and by commenting on the draft assessments reports and the draft NAPA. c) Synthesize available information on adverse effects of climate change 79. Through the efforts of a team convened to prepare Eritrea’s First National Communications (INC) under the UNFCCC, climate change vulnerabilities have already been identified in five sectors: agriculture, water resources, forestry, coastal zones, and human health 80. The NPCU will prepare a synthesis report that indicates the nature and magnitude of climate change vulnerability in all five of these vulnerable sectors – agriculture, water resources, forestry, coastal zones and human health. The immediacy of the threat will be also assessed. The report will be prepared based on collection of pertinent data, as well as through contact with the various authors responsible for the Eritrean sectoral vulnerability studies and/or ongoing studies. This report will provide input to Section 2 (Framework for adaptation programme) of the final NAPA document. Sources will include: Background studies carried out in support of Eritrea’s INC; Country-specific vulnerability research, data, and other information developed subsequent to submission of the INC; Eritrea’s CCD National Action Plan and its CBD National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan; and Relevant information in the IPCC’s Third Assessment Report and other international sources. 81. For each of the vulnerable sectors identified, the synthesis report will review, at the minimum, available information on the following aspects: 19 Analytical approach that was used to assess vulnerability, including comments on strengths and weaknesses of modeling efforts; Nature of the vulnerability, including range of affected populations, types of physical impacts, scope of economic risks, and urgency of the threat; Magnitude of the physical impacts, including estimates of the uncertainty (e.g., relating to regionalization of GCM outputs) and potential range of impacts; and Adaptation options, including a categorization into policy, technology, and project approaches. These options may have been derived without a complete assessment of nature of vulnerabilities, e.g., economic and social impacts, under both current and future climate. 82. The resulting document will serve as a detailed synthesis of what is currently known about the potential adverse effects of climate change on productive sectors in Eritrea, and will provide key input to the assessment to be undertaken by the experts of the SATF. If gaps in knowledge are identified, then any new work will be addressed elsewhere (such as in the Second National Communications), and not in the NAPA process. d) Conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability 83. A participatory assessment of vulnerability risks of current climate variability and extreme weather events will be composed of two complementary aspects, as described below. Technical Paper 2 on ‘Stakeholder engagement to increase adaptive capacity’ from Adaptation Policy Framework website: www.undp.org/cc/apf_outline.htm will be relied upon in the preparation of these assessments. A multidisciplinary technical assessment that quantifies the extent to which current climate variability has produced measurable impacts on vulnerable communities and sectors. It will also offer insights for the development of criteria for selecting adaptation and help to clarify key national adaptation priorities. A stakeholder consultative assessment that solicits community knowledge and experience regarding their current levels of vulnerability to climate shocks. It will also solicit input on current adaptive strategies to reduce climate-related vulnerability. 84. The SATF will carry out the multidisciplinary technical assessment. The output will be a report that represents an expert assessment from a multidisciplinary perspective. The SATF will use the information provided by the NPCU’s vulnerability synthesis report as a point of departure. This report will also provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA document. The report will distinguish between current climate and future climate risks, and assumes that future climate will induce change in climate variability. The major elements of the report as described below. Technical Papers 3 and 4 on ‘Assessing current climate risks’ and ‘Assessing future climate risks’ from the Adaptation Policy Framework website: www.undp.org/cc/apf_outline.htm will be relied upon in the preparation of these assessment. Identification and description of suitable indicators of climate variability, including temperature, precipitation, and other indicators monitored in Eritrea; 20 Identification and description of range of key extreme events, including drought, flooding, and other extreme climate events common in the past several decades to Eritrea; Analysis of patterns of climate variability, including assembly of time series data over the past several decades for each of the specific indicators identified, Assessment of patterns of extreme events, including duration, extent of impact, and recurrence frequency for each identified extreme event over the past several decades, and Correlation of patterns of climate variability with national and regional indicators, including macroeconomic (e.g., GDP, exports) and socioeconomic indicators (e.g., migration, household income). 85. The CATF will design the stakeholder consultative assessment for use in the current tasks, as well as in subsequent tasks, preparing the following series of documents. These will provide input to Section 6 (NAPA preparation process) of the final NAPA document: stakeholder assessment report – This report addresses the scale of participation (i.e., national, regional, and/or community) relative to time and budget constraints, proposes a method for identifying and recruiting specific organizations, groups, and individuals, and makes specific recommendations for potential stakeholder participants. consultation methodology – This document outlines an approach to the consultation process, relative to time and budget constraints, identifies any special techniques for engaging participants in the stakeholder process, and proposes a method for conducting the necessary grassroots, participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability. consultation reporting system – This document outlines a system for ensuring that stakeholder input provided at workshops and meetings is systematically recorded and synthesized. 86. The NPCU and ZPCUs will carry out the stakeholder consultative assessment using the approach advocated by the CATF. Based on stakeholder input gathered during the proposal scoping stage, six guiding principles are proposed, as outlined below. Broad constituent representation: As many constituencies as relevant and as possible will take part in the process. Stakeholder consultative groups (SCGs) will be assembled with representatives from governmental agencies, civil society groups (e.g., farmer unions, environmental NGOs, business groups (e.g., local chambers of commerce), academic and professional organizations, private citizens, trades people (e.g., herders, carpenters, crop cultivators), and other groups; Wide spatial distribution: Both representatives from urban and rural communities will be included, helping to ensure grassroots representation. Stakeholders will be assembled from each of the 3 administrative regions, plus from national stakeholders based in Asmara. 21 Differentiated roles for the stakeholder groups: The role of the 3 regional groups will be to provide input on material put forth by the organizers, and to generate ideas for adaptation activities. The role of the Asmara group will include these tasks but will also include a review role of the input generated at the regional level, as well as a decision-making role for the final set of projects to be included in the NAPA document. Similar to other national consultative processes: The consultative process should be somewhat similar in shape to those consultative processes that have been undertaken in the development of the national biodiversity conservation strategy and the action plan to combat desertification and other relevant processes. Such processes have been successful in capturing both grassroots and sectoral input; employing a similar approach will build on past experience. Participatory in format: Each stakeholder meeting/workshop will be designed to encourage as much participation as possible. The format will incorporate oral presentations by organizers followed by appropriately designed working group sessions to obtain feedback. Manageable in size: Given the NAPA process budget constraints, it will be important to design the consultative process such that each regional stakeholder workshop is not too large. Between 30 and 50 participants per meeting is expected to be manageable. 87. See Annex 2 for a stage-by-stage description of the stakeholder consultation process, workshop input and outputs. e) Identify key climate change adaptation measures 88. The Eritrean NAPA process is motivated in part by the recognition that significant potential exists to capitalize on complementary, existing practice in order to adapt to climate change. It is therefore important that the NAPA process build upon existing, related action plans and activities where potential synergies exist. As discussed in the previous section, this potential exists at a variety of scales; from multilateral environmental agreement (MEA) action plans to other related activities such as government policies, national programmes, intergovernmental processes, and GEF activities. It is also important that adaptation opportunities build upon stakeholder community perceptions for coping with and adapting to climate impacts. 89. The SATF will undertake the development of a series of reports to determine precisely where opportunities for (and barriers to) linkage exist. These reports are outlined below. Each report will include a list of (as yet unprioritized) potential adaptation activities that will be used as input to Stages 2 and 3 of the consultative process. Such reports are not the primary focus of the NAPA it self, but they may be used as input to key stakeholder meeting when key decisions are made. Synergies between adaptation and MEA activity: The aims of this report are to 1) assess synergies (and potential barriers) between climate change adaptation measures and those measures already positioned in the national dialogue through the MEA 22 processes, 2) identify a set of adaptation activities that can satisfy multiple objectives, and 3) scope out institutional linkages that can provide the makings of a NAPA implementation framework. This report will provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA document. (20-25 pages) Synergies between adaptation and policy/programme initiatives: This report will focus on national policies, plans and mechanisms relevant to climate change vulnerability and adaptation, such as land use policies, drought contingency plans, or drought early warning systems. The aims of the report are to 1) outline initiatives with synergies between those instruments and the country’s adaptation needs, 2) highlight potential barriers to implementing adaptation activity, and 3) describe the potential for institutional linkages (even reconfiguration) in order to accomplish mutual goals. This report will provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA document. (20-25 pages) Synergies between adaptation and project initiatives: The aims of this report are to 1) review the range of adaptation-relevant projects taking place on the ground in Eritrea and 2) rank them in terms of their potential for synergy with climate change adaptation. Such activities may include capacity building, community-level development work, localized conservation activities, etc., and may be driven by nongovernmental and/or community actors. This report will provide input to Section 2 of the final NAPA document. (20-25 pages) Comprehensive summary: The findings of the above suite of reports, plus inputs from the consultative process itself, will be synthesized into a report outlining a comprehensive, preliminary set of sector-specific and cross-cutting adaptationrelevant projects. This will represent an unprioritized set of potential adaptation activities and other initiatives. It may also be used to formulate an outline for the NAPA at the strategic level, including a portfolio of policies, measure and projects. This report will provide input to Section 3 (Identification of key adaptation needs) of the final NAPA document. (5-10 pages)4 f) Develop country-driven criteria for prioritizing adaptation activities 90. Ranking projects from the list of potential adaptation options will require the development and application of criteria that reflect national priorities and adequately respond to the urgency of various adaptation needs identified earlier. A country-driven approach for prioritization will help to ensure that the initiatives included in the final NAPA document are balanced relative to the range of national perspectives, and that the selected projects respond to urgent national needs. 91. The ECATF will develop a draft report regarding evaluation criteria that would be suitable for use in the Eritrean context. The report will build upon guidance in the NAPA Annotated Guidelines (Appendix D), and will examine appropriate tools (e.g., cost-benefit In the Schedule of project activities described in Section 6, “Timetable,” this report is identified as “Adaptation activity Synthesis 1.” 4 23 analysis, multi-criteria analysis, precautionary principle, etc.) to evaluate the tradeoffs among appropriate criteria (e.g., degree of risk, historic loss of life and livelihood, poverty reduction potential of project, etc.) that could be applied to the process of NAPA project identification. It will also refer to the CCD NAP and the CBD NBSAP to determine how these processes developed criteria, and what final criteria were used. Eritrea may use other methodologies, which are more suitable for policy analysis and which are not included in the list provided above. 92. The draft evaluation criteria report will recommend a specific prioritization approach based on a set of guiding principles, as outlined below. Urgent needs: The approach will generate agreed criteria to separate the country’s urgent adaptation needs from both short-term issues and general development needs; Precautionary: The approach will provide a framework for adequate consideration of non-use value (i.e., impacts for which there currently exists no commercial value) and a conservative approach to uncertainty; Representative: The approach will ensure that no one sector dominates the priority list of options. Sectors that may not have comparable economic impacts should nevertheless be adequately represented by proposed adaptation activities; and Practical: The research and analytic requirements should be a reasonable burden relative to time and budget constraints. The recommended approach will build upon the LEG and other guidance, blending multicriteria assessment with risk assessment for robust criteria development and application. 93. In addition, in the interest of incorporating adaptation into national development planning, criteria are likely to allow for new institutional arrangements, capacity building, policy reform, policy integration, and programme integration (as well as discrete projects), that help to facilitate the adaptation process. 94. The recommendations of the report will be used as inputs to Stage 3 of the consultative process. A final evaluation criteria report will then be developed by the ECATF on the basis of stakeholder input received, and will serve as the basis of section 4 (Criteria for Selecting Priority Activities) of the final NAPA document. g) Develop proposals for priority adaptation activities, including stakholder consultations 95. The PPTF will combine the unprioritized set of potential adaptation activities developed by the SATF with the country-driven evaluation criteria developed by the ECATF to produce a ranked set (i.e., high priority, mid-priority, low priority) of adaptation activities for each vulnerable sector. Data and other specific information needed by the PPTF in order to apply the evaluation criteria will be facilitated by the NPCU and SC. 96. The PPTF will prepare a series of draft reports - one for each of the vulnerable sectors identified, plus one for any cross-cutting initiatives - that summarize the application of the evaluation criteria to the set of unprioritized projects identified. The common elements of each report are as follows: 24 Characterization of each project in terms of basic information (e.g., costs, institutional responsibility); Application of criteria to each project, yielding some form of quantitative or qualitative score (depending on how the evaluation criteria was framed); Ranking of all projects into either high, medium, or low-priority projects; and Additional explanatory remarks that address any issues not able to be adequately incorporated into the evaluation scheme. 97. The conclusions of these reports will be presented and discussed during Stage 4 of the consultation process. The output of Stage 4 of the consultative process will be a final prioritized and consensus-driven set of adaptation activities. The sectoral reports will be finalized on the basis of this input. 98. Based on these reports and any stakeholder input received, the PPTF will coordinate the preparation of an adaptation activity portfolio of all high priority projects. This project portfolio will provide a brief characterization of each high-priority project as per the format outlined in the LEG guidelines. It is anticipated that at least 6 and no more than 12 projects will be presented in the adaptation activity portfolio.5 99. Descriptions of high priority projects will also address issue related to how the proposed activity can be integrated into national policy frameworks, existing programs, and other ongoing activity. This document will provide the basis for section 5 (List of Priority Activities) in the final NAPA document. h) Distribute draft NAPA document for public review 100. Based upon the range of inputs from the consultative process and the various technical Task Forces, the NPCU will prepare a 5-10 page draft NAPA document that summarizes consensus, near-term adaptation activities/initiatives. The document will be prepared in accordance with the LEG guidelines. 101. The NPCU will then coordinate a public review process at the national level. This will be accomplished by making a public presentation (Stage 5 of the consultative process) to invite public comments. The draft NAPA document will also be circulated to the general public for comment through media and other outlets. This process will target impacted sectors by circulating the document to the broad stakeholder audiences, identified through the stakeholder assessment. Comments received will be reviewed by the NPCU and incorporated as appropriate into a revised version of draft NAPA document. i) Distribute the final NAPA document to government and civil society representatives 102. For the final review, the Steering Committee, plus a somewhat broader selection of additional government, civil society and business representatives, will be assembled to review and comment on the document. The NPCU will incorporate comments received In the Schedule of project activities described in Section 6, “Timetable,” this report is identified as “Adaptation activity Synthesis 2.” 5 25 into the final draft NAPA and submit the document to the national government for formal endorsement. The endorsed NAPA document will then be submitted to UNDP/GEF. j) Disseminate NAPA document to Public 103. The NAPA is, itself, a communication mechanism, and as such must be made broadly accessible to Eritrean society, as well as international actors (particularly potential funders and collaborators). The final NAPA document will be distributed publicly via electronic and print media, and will be publicized through available media outlets using translated versions as necessary. 5. Institutional Arrangements for Oversight and Coordination 104. The NAPA process will be coordinated by the various institutional entities outlined in the previous section. The structure of the NAPA institutional framework has been designed to be capable of efficiently executing a wide range of responsibilities involved in the NAPA process. The oversight and coordination of activities across these entities is briefly discussed in the following sections, together with a description of links with other related teams. An organizational chart for the Eritrea NAPA process is illustrated in Figure 5.1. 105. Short-term national consultants will be recruited and commissioned, as necessary, to prepare the various technical assessments outlined earlier in this proposal and to support NAPA activities. An international organization will be identified and recruited, as necessary, to provide technical backstopping assistance. (a) High level political oversight, coordination and policy integration 106. Steering Committee: Political oversight and strategic guidance to the NAPA project will be provided by the SC. The essential mandate of this entity is to ensure that the NAPA project meets its stated objectives. SC tasks will focus on meeting periodically to review progress, address/overcome logistical barriers, and provide other strategic input. The proposed schedule of meetings is outlined in Section 6. 107. The SC will be composed of nine to eleven members, consisting of high-level representation (i.e., director or general manager level) from four key stakeholder organizations outlined below. All members will collectively provide guidance and direction to the planning and implementation process of the NAPA preparation.: Six to eight members from government – one from each vulnerable sector (Ministry of Land, Water and Environment, (to serve as SC chair), agriculture, public health, Energy, fisheries, tourism, including Transport and Communication and Trade and Industry), One member from a non-governmental organization, One member from an academic institution, the University of Asmara and, One member from a UN agency, UNDP. 26 108. Stakeholder Consultative Groups: While not offering political oversight, the SCGs are designed to offer direction-setting input for the Eritrean NAPA process at both the regional and national levels. It will do this at several junctures during the 5-stage consultative process to provide local perspectives on vulnerability, to provide insights into ongoing adaptation-relevant activities, to provide feedback on emerging adaptation priorities. (b) Project management and operational coordination 109. Project management and operational coordination will be provided by the NPCU and ZPCUs. Annex 3 provides draft Terms of References for the various coordination and technical roles envisaged. 110. National Project Coordination Unit: The NPCU will be responsible for coordinating the implementation of all NAPA activities. The essential mandate of this entity is to ensure that the overall project is executed properly. NPCU tasks will focus on two major areas: 1) directly undertaking certain tasks, including workplan development, liaison with the UNDP/GEF headquarters, quality assurance, design and coordination of the consultative process, monitoring and evaluation, and preparation of the final NAPA document, and 2) overseeing project activities, including technical report preparation by national experts and the development of the adaptation activity portfolio. 111. The NPCU will be composed of three members as follows: 1) a Project Coordinator (PC) who will oversee the entire effort and be an ex-officio member of all other NAPA Team entities, 2) a project assistant (PA-T) to coordinate the preparation of technical support documents, and 3) a project assistant (PA-C) to coordinate the consultative process and public awareness. 112. Monitoring and evaluation will be carried out by the NPCU, according to GEF specifications, with oversight of the SC, at set intervals throughout the project. The M&E mechanism will be established at the project outset by the NPCU. Meetings to review M&E findings and recommend adjustments to the project will be convened by the SC. 113. Zonal Project Coordination Unit: The ZPCUs will be responsible to assist the NPCU in executing a stakeholder consultative process in regions outside of Asmara. The essential mandate of these entities is to ensure that the regional consultative workshops are executed properly. RCPU tasks will focus on two areas: 1) logistical arrangements for the consultative workshops and 2) providing detailed workshop summary reports of stakeholder input. For each consultative stage, and on the basis of these reports, the NPCU will prepare a synthesis report of stakeholder inputs across the regional meetings. 114. The number of ZPCUs is three, one for each major administrative region in Eritrea. ZPCUs will be centered at the central Desk for Agricultural Extension (DAE) in each of these administrative regions. One individual will be recruited from each DAE, in consultation with the NPCU, to work closely with the NPCU in carrying out the proposed tasks. In addition, two experts will help to facilitate each of the workshops. Experts can be drawn from the TC and/or the various Task Forces. In total, three individuals will coordinate each regional consultation. 27 115. Technical Committee: The TC will be responsible for coordinating all technical activities of the MAT. Its essential mandate is to advise the NAPA Team on all technical matters related to the preparation of the NAPA document. TC tasks will focus on data acquisition, analysis, and report preparation, and will meet as needed or at intervals proposed by the NPCU. The TC will be composed of a total eighteen members, each with extensive experience, from among the following specialties: 1) climate, 2) agriculture, 3) vectorborne disease, 4) hydrology, 5) forestry, 6) food security, 7) biodiversity, 8) desertification, 9) sociology, 10) economics, 11) wildlife services, and 12) rural development planning. As technical reports are prepared by the four Task Forces, the full TC will provide a review, which will be reflected in the final version, prior to wider circulation and use in the consultative process. 116. The TC will function as four distinct Task Force Units (as outlined in section 4b): Consultative Assessment Task Force (3 members): As outlined above, the CATF will design the stakeholder consultative assessment process, develop a consultation methodology, and propose a consultation reporting system. Synergy Assessment Task Force (consisting of nine members): The SATF will develop a series of four reports, designed to determine precisely where opportunities exist for linking the NAPA process with existing policy and ongoing activity. Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force (3 members): The ECATF will develop a report on methodologies for developing effective evaluation criteria, on criteria that would be suitable for use in the Eritrean context, and will recommend a specific prioritization approach for Eritrea’s project evaluation criteria. Project Portfolio Task Force (3 members): The PPTF will combine the potential adaptation activities identified by the SATF with the country-driven evaluation criteria developed by the ECATF in order to rank adaptation activities in each vulnerable sector, for review by the stakeholders. 117. The Task Force Units will report directly to the full TC. The TC will be under the direct oversight of the NPCU. Task Force members may also be members of the TC. 118. The chart that follows illustrates the links between the various entities involved in the NAPA process. While the organizational structure appears complex, it is designed to facilitate the completion of the workplan. 28 Figure 5.1 Organizational Chart for the Eritrea NAPA Process Steering Committee (SC) Consultative Assessment Task Force National Project Coordination Unit (NPCU) Synergy Assessment Task Force Technical Committee (TC) Evaluation Criteria Task Force Project Portfolio Task Force Zonal Project Coordination Unit 1 Zonal Project Coordination Unit 2 Zonal Project Coordination Unit 3 Zonal and National Stakeholder Consultation Process (c) Coordination with climate change team for the country’s national communication to the UNFCCC 119. Each of the Task Force units that comprise the MAT will be responsible to ensure that their activities are well-coordinated with Eritrea’s climate change activities. The fact that the DoE will function as the secretariat for both climate change activities and all NAPA activities will help to ensure that coordination proceeds in an efficient manner. 120. Furthermore, the ministries involved in the Steering and Technical Committees will include those who participated closely in the INC. Through these relationships, the NAPA process can serve as a springboard for the country’s Second National Communications (SNC). Added to this, a number of NAPA products – such as the synthesis of available information on vulnerability, stakeholder perspectives on vulnerability, etc. – are expected to inform but not provide direct inputs to the SNC. (d) Coordination with other teams for the preparation of national reports 121. As indicated previously, the SATF is responsible to assess complementary climate change adaptation-relevant strategies, projects, policies, and other proposed initiatives that may be embedded in action plans for certain national sustainable development initiatives and multi29 lateral environmental agreements. In carrying out this activity, the members of the SATF will make contact with other teams involved in progress reports or other communications under the particular initiative. They will also keep other national teams aware of unfolding conclusions of the NAPA process and offer input for any implications regarding communications under other MEAs. 6. Timetable 122. The activities described in Section 4 will be carried out over a period of 18 months. The proposed schedule of all activities is outlined on Tables 6.1a and 6.1b on the following pages. It is envisioned that national experts will need to be identified and recruited to assist in the preparation of the various assessments indicated under “Report Preparation.” It is envisioned that an international backstopping organization will need to be identified and recruited to assist in the activities indicated under “Technical Support.” 30 Table 6.1a: Schedule of project activities (Months 1 through 9) Month>>> Week>>> Area #1 1 2 #2 3 4 5 Phase Mobilization Activity Recruitment, office set-up, etc Workplan preparation Vulnerability synthesis Multi-disc. vulnerability assessment Stakeholder assessment Consulation methodology Consultation reporting MEA synergies Report National policy synergies preparation Project Small-scale project synergies Adaptation project synthesis 1 support and Evaluation criteria operations Sector-specific project reports Adaptation project synthesis 2 Adaptation project portfolio NAPA document Technical Training Backstopping support Steering Committee Meetings Technical Committee Demobilization office closure, document submission Preparation Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) Stage National Consultation (Group 4) 1:Introduction Workshop summary reports Synthesis report SC review and feedback Stage 2:Project Preparation Identification Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) (including National Consultation (Group 4) Workshop summary reports zonal Synthesis report participatory assessments) SC review and feedback Project Preparation consultative Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) process Stage 3:Project National Consultation (Group 4) Workshop summary reports Ranking Synthesis report SC review and feedback Preparation Stage 4: Project National Consultation #4 Synthesis report Selection SC review and feedback Preparation Stage 5: Public Presentation & 1-week period Synthesis report presentation SC review and feedback 31 6 #3 7 8 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 Table 6.1b: Schedule of project activities (Months 10 through 18) Month>>> #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 Week>>> 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Area Project support and operations Phase Mobilization Report preparation Technical support Meetings Demobilization Stage 1:Introduction Project consultative process Stage 2:Project Identification (including Zonal participatory assessments) Stage 3:Project Ranking Stage 4: Project Selection Stage 5: Public presentation Activity Recruitment, office set-up, etc Workplan preparation Vulnerability synthesis Multi-disc. vulnerability assessment Stakeholder assessment Consulation methodology Consultation reporting MEA synergies National policy synergies Small-scale project synergies Adaptation project synthesis 1 Evaluation criteria Sector-specific project reports Adaptation project synthesis 2 Adaptation project portfolio NAPA document Training Backstopping Steering Committee Technical Committee office closure, document submission Preparation Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) National Consultation (Group 4) Workshop summary reports Synthesis report SC review and feedback Preparation Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) National Consultation (Group 4) Workshop summary reports Synthesis report SC review and feedback Preparation Zonal Consultations (Groups 1, 2, 3) National Consultation (Group 4) Workshop summary reports Synthesis report SC review and feedback Preparation Zonal Consultation #4 Synthesis report SC review and feedback Preparation Presentation & 1-week period Synthesis report SC review and feedback 32 7. Budget 123. A breakdown of the budget requested from GEF is shown below. ACTIVITY STOCKTAKING PROCESS: (ASSESSMENTS, CONSULTATIONS, WORKSHOPS, ETC.) PRODUCT: ASSESSMENT REPORTS/ STRATEGY TOTAL 4 8 6 18 4 8 6 18 4 8 6 18 4 8 6 18 4 8 6 18 20 40 30 90 5 3 2 10 5 3 2 10 5 3 2 10 15 9 6 30 AND ACTION PLAN Assessment and prioritization 1) Information gathering and synthesis, assessment of vulnerability i) Synthesis of available information on adverse effects of climate change and coping strategies ii) Participatory assessment of vulnerability to current climate variability and extreme weather events, and associated risks 2) Identification of adaptation measures, and criteria for priority activities i) Identification of past and current practices for adaptation to climate change and climate variability ii) Identification of key climate change adaptation measures iii) Identification and prioritization of criteria for selecting priority activities TOTAL (Assessment and prioritization) Development of proposals for priority activities 1) National/ sub-national consultative process for short listing potential activities 2) Selection and identification of priority activities on the basis of agreed criteria 3) Prepare profiles of priority activities in the prescribed format TOTAL (Development of proposals for priority activities) Preparation , review and finalization of the NAPA 33 ACTIVITY STOCKTAKING PRODUCT: ASSESSMENT REPORTS/ STRATEGY 0 0 PROCESS: (ASSESSMENTS, CONSULTATIONS, WORKSHOPS, ETC.) 0 0 2 2 2 2 0 0 3 3 0 0 0 0 3 10 3 10 0 2 3 5 4 4 2 4 14 17 20 25 TOTAL (Project coordination and management) 15 15 15 45 TOTAL 54 68 78 200 1) Public review 2) Final review by government and civil society representatives 3) Printing, publishing and translation of the final NAPA document 4) Dissemination TOTAL (Preparation, review and finalization of NAPA) TOTAL AND ACTION PLAN Technical assistance 1) Assistance requested from LDC expert group 2) Other technical assistance TOTAL (Technical assistance) Project coordination and management 124. The Eritrean government is willing to make an in-kind contribution of US$17,600 toward the development of a NAPA document. In-kind categories include office facilities, equipment, utilities, support for the regional consultative process, communications, and miscellaneous office expenses. 34 Annex 1: List of References DoE (Department of Environment), 2002. Country Assessment Report on Sustainable Development Rio+10. Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. DoE (Department of Environment), 2001a. Eritrea’s Initial National Communication Under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. DoE, 2001b. Institutional and Organizational Capacity Needs Assessment. Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land Water and Environment. DoE, 2000. National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan for Eritrea. Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. DoE, 1997. National Report on the Implementation of Article 6 of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD). Asmara: Department of Environment of the Ministry of Land, Water and Environment. EAE (Eritrean Agency for the Environment), 1995. National Environmental Management Plan for Eritrea. Asmara: Eritrean Agency for the Environment. GoE (Government of the State of Eritrea), 2001. Transitional Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy 2001-2002. Asmara: Government of Eritrea. GoE (Government of the State of Eritrea), 1994. Macro-Policy. Asmara: Government of the State of Eritrea. MoA (Ministry of Agriculture), 2002a. National Action Programme for Eritrea to Combat Desertification and Mitigate the Effects of Drought (NAP). Asmara: Ministry of Agriculture. MoA, 2002b. National Report on the Implementation of the UNCCD. Asmara: Ministry of Agriculture. MoA, UoA (University of Asmara), FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization)/WB (World Bank), 2001. Land Productivity Management Initiative: Concept Paper. Report No. 01/006 CPERI. MoA, 1999. Integrated Agricultural Development program: Report. MoEM (Ministry of Energy and Mines) and UoA. Renewables and Energy for Rural Development: Current Utilization and Future Options in Rural Areas. United Nations Development Programme. 2002. Human Development Report 2002. UNDP. Available at: http://www.undp.org/hdr2002/complete.pdf 35 Annex 2: Overview of the Consultative Process The stakeholder consultative assessment will unfold over several stages in the form of a series of workshops and/or public meetings. This will provide participants with an opportunity for understanding/reflecting on the issues, as well as offering multiple entry points for input. The consultative stages will seek 1) to “groundtruth” the NPCU’s vulnerability synthesis report and SATF’s multidisciplinary assessment report, 2) to refine key vulnerable geographic areas, sectors, and communities, 3) to clarify adaptation criteria and priorities, 4) to identify, prioritize, and select adaptation activities, and 5) to build awareness. A 5-stage process is envisioned, as outlined below and illustrated in Figure A2.1. Stage 1: Introduction: One-day workshops will be held among each of the four stakeholder groups during months 4, 5, and 6. Stage 1 meetings will accomplish the following: o provide an overview of Eritrean vulnerability to climate change, o explain the objectives of the NAPA effort, o clarify the goals of the consultative process, and o generate dialogue and solicit initial feedback on the broad direction of the project. Input: the project workplan and basic climate change material will serve as input to stage 1 meetings. Output: stage 1 meetings will build stakeholder capacity to contribute to adaptation planning in subsequent meetings. Stage 2: Project Identification: Two-day workshops will be held among each of the four stakeholder groups during months 8, 9, and 10. These Stage 2 workshops will be the forum for soliciting input on adaptation activities, and for conducting a participatory vulnerability assessment to climate variability and change among the participants. Stage 2 meetings will accomplish the following: o generate dialogue on vulnerability to current climate variability and climate change, o conduct a participatory assessment of local vulnerability to current climate variability, o conduct a participatory assessment of vulnerability to climate change, o solicit input on projects that can reduce vulnerability to climate related shocks, o solicit input on criteria for prioritizing these projects. Input: the vulnerability synthesis report will serve as input to stage 2 meetings. Output: stage 2 meetings will assist the NPCU to (a) prepare a comprehensive list of potential adaptation options, and (b) finalize country-driven criteria for assessing adaptation activities. Stage 3: Project Ranking: Two-day workshops will be held among each of the four stakeholder groups during months 12 through 14, to discuss on potential adaptation activities. Stage 3 meetings will accomplish the following: o generate dialogue on the set of (as yet unprioritized) adaptation activities, 36 o solicit input on project priorities (based on the criteria proposed and adopted by the NAPA team). Input: the three synergies reports, and the evaluation criteria report will serve as input to stage 3 meetings. Output: stage 3 meetings will assist the NPCU in culling and refining the comprehensive list of adaptation activities into a set of ranked adaptation options. Stage 4: Project Selection: A one-day workshop will be held among the national stakeholder group during the 16th month of the project. During this workshop, the NAPA team will present the set of projects, prioritized during the regional consultative process. From these, the national stakeholder group will be charged with selecting a final list of projects to be included in the final NAPA document. Stage 4 meetings will accomplish the following: o generate dialogue on the list of ranked adaptation priorities, o generate consensus regarding a finalized list of national adaptation activities. Input: the sector-specific project reports will serve as input to stage 4 meetings. Output: stage 4 meetings will result in a finalized list of national adaptation activities to be included in the final NAPA document. Stage 5: Public presentation: An end-of-project workshop will be convened in Asmara during the 17th month of the project. The purpose of this meeting is to present the final NAPA document emerging from regional/national consultations, and will be open to the public at large. Stage 5 meetings will accomplish the following: o launch a 1-week period of public comment, o generate comments to be incorporated into the final NAPA document Input: the complete NAPA document will serve as input to the stage 5 process. Output: the stage 5 process will result in a final, revised NAPA document, based on public comment. 37 Figure A2.1: Flow Chart of Consultative Process Stakeholder assessment and organization activities coordinated by the NPCU Pre-consultation Stage 1 Workshops Zone 1 meeting Zone 2 meeting Zone 3 meeting National meeting Consultation synthesis, report preparation, organization of Stage 2 workshops Stage 2 Workshops Zone 1 meeting Zone 2 meeting Zone 3 meeting National meeting Consultation synthesis, report preparation, organization of Stage 3 workshops 39 Stage 3 Workshops Zone 1 meeting Zone 2 meeting Zone 3 meeting National meeting Consultation synthesis, report preparation, organization of Stage 4 workshop National meeting Stage 4 Workshop Consult synthesis, NAPA report preparation, organization of Stage 4 workshop Public meeting Stage 5 Workshop 40 Annex 3: Job Descriptions There are several individuals that will need to be recruited for coordination and technical tasks, as identified below. Job descriptions for each follows. 1. NAPA Project Coordinator 2. NAPA Project Assistants 3. Short-term national consultants 3a. Consultative process 3b.Synergy assessment 3c. Evaluation criteria 3d. Adaptation Activity Portfolio 4. International backstopping organization of expert 1. NAPA Project Coordinator (PC) Duties: The Project Coordinator in liaison and consultation with the Steering Committee will be responsible for the day-to-day management, co-ordination and supervision of the implementation of the project. The project manager’s duties will include among others: to prepare a detailed work plan for the project and draft terms of reference for the subcontracts (in consultation with the SC and UNDP); to organize and supervise the workshops and training needed during the project; to identify and hire the project assistants (PA-T and PA-C in consultation with the SC); to identify and hire/subcontract the national experts and institutions (in consultation with the SC); to liaise with relevant ministries, national and international research institutions, NGOs, and other relevant institutions in order to involve their staff in project activities, and to gather and disseminate information relevant to the project; to prepare periodic progress reports of the project; to control the expenditures and to ensure otherwise an adequate management of the resources provided for the project; to summarize the results of the project; to finalize the NAPA process together government personnel and national experts; and to initiate and mobilize resources for the potential follow-up activities. Qualifications: Advanced degree (at least M.Sc) in energy, environmental management or the natural sciences; A minimum of 10 years of working experience in the area relevant to the project; 41 A demonstrated ability in managing projects, and liaisoning and cooperating with all project personnel including government officials, scientific institutions, NGOs and private sector; Fluency in the government’s official language; and Computer literacy. 2. NAPA Project Assistants Duties: To assist the Project Coordinator in carrying out coordination tasks related to the consultative process, the development of the various technical reports, and the regional consultations. Qualifications: BSc. degree or higher in relevant field; A minimum of 5 years of working experience in the area relevant to the project; Fluency in the government’s official language; and Computer literacy. 3a. Short-Term National Consultant - Consultative Process (25 days) Duties: The short-term national consultant for the consultative process in liaison with the Project Coordinator and the Consultative Assessment Task Force will be responsible for the assessment of options for carrying out the regional stakeholder consultative process. Duties will include: to undertake an assessment of options for executing the consultative process that organizes community knowledge and experience regarding vulnerability to climate shocks, and identifying priorities for adaptation activity activities; to prepare a final report on all aspects of the consultative process to be undertaken; to organize training as necessary for the various stakeholder assessment teams Qualifications: MSc. degree or higher in social sciences or related field; At least five years working experience in relevant field; Fluency in government working languages; Computer literacy. 3b. Short Term National Consultant(s) – Synergy Assessments Duties: The short-term national consultant(s) for the synergy assessments in liaison with the Project Coordinator and the Synergy Assessment Task Force will be responsible for assessing the complementarity between current environmental initiatives and potential adaptation-related activities. Duties will include: 42 to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and multilateral environmental agreements. This report will 1) assess synergies and potential barriers between climate change adaptation measures and those measures already positioned in the national dialogue through the MEA processes, 2) identify a set of adaptation activities that can satisfy multiple objectives, and 3) scope out institutional linkages that can provide the makings of a NAPA implementation framework. (20 days) to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and policy/programme initiatives. This report will 1) outline initiatives with synergies between current national policies, plans and mechanisms relevant to climate change vulnerability and the country’s adaptation needs, 2) highlight potential barriers to implementing adaptation activity, and 3) describe the potential for institutional linkages in order to accomplish mutual goals. (20 days) to prepare a report on the synergies between adaptation and project initiatives. This report will 1) review the range of adaptation-relevant projects taking place and 2) rank them in terms of their potential for synergy with climate change adaptation. (20 days) to prepare a comprehensive summary report. The conclusions of the above suite of reports, plus inputs from the consultative process itself, will be synthesized into a report outlining a comprehensive, preliminary set of sector-specific and cross-cutting adaptation-relevant projects. (15 days) Qualifications: MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field; At least ten years working experience in relevant field; Fluency in government working languages; Computer literacy. 3c. Short Term National Consultant – Evaluation Criteria Duties: The short-term national consultant for the evaluation criteria assessment in liaison with the Project Coordinator and the Evaluation Criteria Assessment Task Force will be responsible for assessing the complementarity between current environmental initiatives and potential adaptation-related activities. Duties will include: To prepare a report that assesses evaluation criteria that would be suitable for use in identifying high-priority adaptation activities. The report will build upon guidance in the NAPA Annotated Guidelines and will examine appropriate tools (e.g., cost-benefit analysis, multi-criteria analysis, precautionary principle, etc.) to evaluate the tradeoffs among appropriate criteria (e.g., degree of risk, historic loss of life and livelihood, poverty reduction potential of project, etc.) that could be applied to the process of NAPA project identification. (25 days) Qualifications: MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field; At least ten years working experience in relevant field; 43 Fluency in government working languages; Computer literacy. 3d. Short Term National Consultant – Adaptation Project/Activity Portfolio Duties: The short-term national consultant for the adaptation project/activity portfolio in liaison with the Project Coordinator and the Project Portfolio Task Force will be responsible for preparing an adaptation activity portfolio of high priority projects. Duties will include: To prepare a series of draft reports - one for each of the vulnerable sectors identified, plus one for any cross-cutting initiatives - that summarize the application of the evaluation criteria to a set of activities and/or projects identified during the consultation process. Each report to be structured as follows: a) Characterization of each activity/project in terms of basic information (e.g., costs, institutional responsibility), b) application of evaluation criteria to each project, yielding some form of quantitative or qualitative score (depending on how the evaluation criteria was framed by the Short Term National Consultant – Evaluation Criteria), c) ranking of all projects into either high, medium, or low-priority projects; and d) additional explanatory remarks that address any issues not able to be adequately incorporated into the evaluation scheme. (35 days) Qualifications: MSc. degree or higher in social sciences, natural science, or related field; At least ten years working experience in relevant field; Fluency in government working languages; Computer literacy. 4. International Backstopping Organization or Expert The international technical backstopping organization will work in close consultation with the NAPA project manager, the climate change focal point and the NAPA Steering Committee on how to achieve a successful NAPA process. The expert will give guidance in order to assist the PC in achieving the objectives of the NAPA process. Duties: Review and comment upon the background materials compiled and prepared by the NPCU. Provide guidance to the Task Forces on the various activities being undertaken under NAPA process to achieve the best results. Review and provide feedback on each of the intermediate technical reports prepared by short-term national consultants. Review the list of adaptation projects/activities for immediate needs and actions so that sourcing of international donor assistance is obtained with minimum constraints. Provide advice on the final national NAPA report before submission to COP of the UNFCCC. 44 Qualifications: Personnel from the international backstopping organization should have the following minimum qualifications: MSc or higher degree in environmental or natural sciences Ten years or more of working experience in the relevant field especially in preparation of reports under GEF funding Experience in LDC situations and activities relevant at national and UNFCCC levels. Experience in supporting capacity strengthening processes; and Computer literacy. 45