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Final Exam Checklist NAME_______________________ UNIT 1-GENETICS Chapter 9 Mendel punnett squares monohybrid Chromosome number haploid 23, diploid 46 Heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, genotype, recessive, dominant Allele, trait, gene all mean the same thing Males Chromosomes XY, Females Chromosomes XX 1 Chapter 10 – CHROMOSOME THEORY OF HEREDITY Morgan & fruit fly experiments, Sex linked genes Genes and Chromosomes o Linked genes o Crossing over-creates genetic diversity o Autosomes, sex chromosomes o Sex-linked genes o Incomplete dominance o Codominance 2 Mutations and Their Genetic Disorders Mutagens- cause mutations, x-rays, toxins, pollutants, drugs Trisomy 21 Kleinfelter XXY Turner syndrome XO o Alterations of chromosome number Nondisjunction Insertion, deletion, substitution of nitrogen bases in DNA Chapter 11 – Human Heredity Blood typing – Codominance o Multiple alleles (Polygenetics) are inherited for blood type o AB rarest, O most common o Antigens surface of red blood cells o Antibodies in the blood plasma (liquid part of blood) o IA, IB, i Alleles for punnetts o Universal donor type O o Universal recipient type AB o Blood type punnett squares 3 Inherited genetic disorders o Sex-linked disorders Colorblindness Hemophilia Pedigree Chart Chapter 12 – Genetic Engineering Genetic engineering o Genetic engineering o Restriction enzymes o Plasmid, vector o Recombinant DNA o Transgenic organism o Gene cloning o Cloned organisms o Human Genome Project 4 UNIT 2-EVOLUTION Chapter 16 – The Origin of Life Spontaneous generation Biogenesis Pasteur’s experiment The first signs of life- Determining the age of the Earth Chapter 13 – Evolution: Evidence of Change Charles Darwin Darwin’s observations lead to his theory of Evolution Galapagos Islands- Finches Fitness Common descent Adaptation The relationship between adaptation and fitness. The fossil record o Fossils o Sedimentary rock o Paleontologist o How fossils form o Radioactive dating o Fossil record o Gaps in the fossils record Determining Animal Ancestry o Comparative Embryology o Comparative Biochemistry-DNA sequence analysis among organisms o Anatomical comparisons Homologous structures Analogous structures Vestigial structures o Ideas which shaped Darwin’s theory on evolution • Charles Lyell-Geologist “The Earth is very old & changes gradually” • Malthus-human population- more young are born than can survive, they can’t all survive due to not enough resources. o Artificial selection-breeding farm animals for desired traits 5 5 parts to Darwin’s Theory Natural selection Genetics and evolution how new species evolve • Gene Pool • Reproductive Isolation Peppered Moths as an example of adaptation to environment 6 Chapter 14 – Evolution: How Change Occurs Lamarck o First theory of evolution o 3 parts of his theory: o A desire to change o Use and disuse o Parents pass on acquired traits 7 Chapter 34 – Human Evolution Primate characteristics Two sub groups of primates o Prosimians nocturnal o Anthropoids Monkeys New world monkeys APES Old world monkeys Hominoids Human ancestors & humans Characteristics of hominids Changes in physical structures Teeth, digestive, face, skull, skeleton Hominid evolution o Australopithecus o Homo habilis o Homo erectus o Homo neanderthalenis o Homo sapiens / Cro Magnons 8 UNIT 3 CLASSIFICATION/Animal Systems Chapter 15 - Classification Systems Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species Six Kingdom System/characteristics Animal Plants Fungi Protist Eubacteria Archebacteria 9 Chapter 30 - Invertebrates Phylogentic Tree • Early Development Zygote Blastula Gastrula -Endoderm -Mesoderm -Ectoderm Chapter 31 - Amphibians Frog Anatomy Adaptation from Water to Land Characteristics • Respiration Lungs, Gills, Skin & mouth • Digestion Digestive tract and accessory organs • Identify Digestive system • Circulation Larvae vs. adult Single v Double loop circulation Gills v lungs • Reproduction Metamorphosis 10 Stem Cells Embryonic& Adult stem cells • Sources for both • Benefits • Disadvantages Totipotent Pluripotent Multipotenet Unipotent Progenitor Ecology Unit Chapter 47 The Biosphere • ECOSYSTEM • COMMUNITY • POPULATION • HABITAT • BIOTIC • ABIOTIC BIODEGRADABLE • • NONBIODEGRADABLE Food Chains Food Webs Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer Autotroph Trophic level Heterotroph Decomposers Biodiversity Biome- Characteristics Water Cycle Nitrogen cycle Carbon cycle Ecological Succession Primary Secondary 11 Chapter 48 Populations Births – Deaths =? Density Dependent Factors Density Independent Factors Symbiotic Relationships Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism Predation Chapter 49 Earth Pollution Air Pollution Acid Rain Greenhouse Effect Greenhouse Effect Water Pollution Chemical Thermal Deforestation Clear Cutting Selective Cutting Renewable Resources Global Warming Smog Artificial Eutrophication Ozone Algae Bloom Sustainable Development Endangered 12