Download Final Exam Checklist

Final Exam Checklist
NAME_______________________
UNIT 1-GENETICS
Chapter 9 Mendel
punnett squares
monohybrid
Chromosome number haploid 23, diploid 46
Heterozygous, homozygous, phenotype, genotype, recessive, dominant
Allele, trait, gene all mean the same thing
Males Chromosomes XY, Females Chromosomes XX
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Chapter 10 – CHROMOSOME THEORY OF HEREDITY
Morgan & fruit fly experiments, Sex linked genes
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Genes and Chromosomes
o Linked genes
o Crossing over-creates genetic diversity
o Autosomes, sex chromosomes
o Sex-linked genes
o Incomplete dominance
o Codominance
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Mutations and Their Genetic Disorders
 Mutagens- cause mutations, x-rays, toxins, pollutants, drugs
 Trisomy 21
 Kleinfelter XXY
 Turner syndrome XO
o Alterations of chromosome number
 Nondisjunction Insertion, deletion, substitution of nitrogen bases in DNA
Chapter 11 – Human Heredity
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Blood typing – Codominance
o Multiple alleles (Polygenetics) are inherited for blood type
o AB rarest, O most common
o Antigens surface of red blood cells
o Antibodies in the blood plasma (liquid part of blood)
o IA, IB, i Alleles for punnetts
o Universal donor type O
o Universal recipient type AB
o Blood type punnett squares
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Inherited genetic disorders
o Sex-linked disorders
 Colorblindness
 Hemophilia
Pedigree Chart
Chapter 12 – Genetic Engineering
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Genetic engineering
o Genetic engineering
o Restriction enzymes
o Plasmid, vector
o Recombinant DNA
o Transgenic organism
o Gene cloning
o Cloned organisms
o Human Genome Project
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UNIT 2-EVOLUTION
Chapter 16 – The Origin of Life
Spontaneous generation
 Biogenesis
 Pasteur’s experiment
 The first signs of life- Determining the age of the Earth
Chapter 13 – Evolution: Evidence of Change
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Charles Darwin
Darwin’s observations lead to his theory of Evolution
Galapagos Islands- Finches
Fitness
Common descent
Adaptation
The relationship between adaptation and fitness.
The fossil record
o Fossils
o Sedimentary rock
o Paleontologist
o How fossils form
o Radioactive dating
o Fossil record
o Gaps in the fossils record
Determining Animal Ancestry
o Comparative Embryology
o Comparative Biochemistry-DNA sequence analysis among organisms
o Anatomical comparisons
 Homologous structures
 Analogous structures
 Vestigial structures
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Ideas which shaped Darwin’s theory on evolution
• Charles Lyell-Geologist “The Earth is very old & changes gradually”
• Malthus-human population- more young are born than can survive, they can’t all survive due to
not enough resources.
o Artificial selection-breeding farm animals for desired traits
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5 parts to Darwin’s Theory Natural selection
Genetics and evolution how new species evolve
• Gene Pool
• Reproductive Isolation
Peppered Moths as an example of adaptation to environment
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Chapter 14 – Evolution: How Change Occurs
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Lamarck
o First theory of evolution
o 3 parts of his theory:
o A desire to change
o Use and disuse
o Parents pass on acquired traits
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Chapter 34 – Human Evolution
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Primate characteristics
Two sub groups of primates
o Prosimians
 nocturnal
o Anthropoids
 Monkeys
 New world monkeys
 APES Old world monkeys
 Hominoids Human ancestors & humans
Characteristics of hominids
Changes in physical structures
Teeth, digestive, face, skull, skeleton
Hominid evolution
o Australopithecus
o Homo habilis
o Homo erectus
o Homo neanderthalenis
o Homo sapiens / Cro Magnons
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UNIT 3 CLASSIFICATION/Animal Systems
Chapter 15 - Classification Systems
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Taxonomy
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
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Six Kingdom System/characteristics
Animal
Plants
Fungi
Protist
Eubacteria
Archebacteria
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Chapter 30 - Invertebrates
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Phylogentic Tree
• Early Development
Zygote
Blastula
Gastrula
-Endoderm
-Mesoderm
-Ectoderm
Chapter 31 - Amphibians
Frog Anatomy
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Adaptation from Water to Land
Characteristics
• Respiration
Lungs, Gills, Skin & mouth
• Digestion
Digestive tract and accessory organs
• Identify Digestive system
• Circulation
Larvae vs. adult
Single v Double loop circulation
Gills v lungs
• Reproduction
Metamorphosis
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Stem Cells
Embryonic& Adult stem cells
• Sources for both
• Benefits
• Disadvantages
Totipotent
Pluripotent
Multipotenet
Unipotent
Progenitor
Ecology Unit
Chapter 47 The Biosphere
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ECOSYSTEM
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COMMUNITY
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POPULATION
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HABITAT
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BIOTIC
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ABIOTIC
BIODEGRADABLE
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NONBIODEGRADABLE
Food Chains
Food Webs
Producer
Primary Consumer
Secondary Consumer
Autotroph
Trophic level
Heterotroph
Decomposers
Biodiversity
Biome- Characteristics
Water Cycle
Nitrogen cycle
Carbon cycle
Ecological Succession
Primary
Secondary
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Chapter 48 Populations
Births – Deaths =?
Density Dependent Factors
Density Independent Factors
Symbiotic Relationships
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Predation
Chapter 49 Earth Pollution
Air Pollution
Acid Rain
Greenhouse Effect
Greenhouse Effect
Water Pollution
Chemical
Thermal
Deforestation
Clear Cutting
Selective Cutting
Renewable Resources
Global Warming
Smog
Artificial Eutrophication
Ozone
Algae Bloom
Sustainable Development
Endangered
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