Download Solomon chapter 8 practice AP bio test sept 2015

Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
1. The splitting of molecules into smaller components is referred to as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
anabolism.
metabolism.
catabolism.
redox.
photosynthesis.
2. Which of the following statements concerning anabolic reactions is FALSE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
They
They
They
They
They
are generally endergonic.
usually require ATP.
are part of metabolism.
may produce polysaccharides from monosaccharides.
may split complex molecules into their components.
3. Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
are endergonic pathways.
release free energy.
require oxygen.
are also known as organismic respiration.
are anabolic pathways.
4. Cellular respiration is most accurately described as a(n) ______________ process.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
anabolic
catabolic
metabolic
endergonic
fermentative
5. The overall reaction for the aerobic respiration of glucose is summarized as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
C6H12O6
C4H12O4
C4H12O4
C4H12O2
C6H12O6
+
+
+
+
+
6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy.
12 H2O + 6 CO2 → 6 O2 + ATP + Energy.
6 O2 + 6 H2O → 6 CO2 + ATP + Energy.
6 O2 + ATP → 6 CO2 + 12 H2O + Energy.
6 H2O → 6 CO2 + 12 H2 + Energy.
6. In aerobic respiration, glucose is completely:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
reduced to ATP.
reduced to energy.
oxidized to water.
oxidized to carbon dioxide.
oxidized and reduced simultaneously.
8-1
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
7. Aerobic respiration is classified as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a synthesis reaction.
a hydrolysis reaction.
a redox process.
a polymerization reaction.
an anabolic process.
8. The transfer of electrons from glucose to oxygen during aerobic respiration takes place
in a stepwise fashion through a number of intermediates rather than by direct transfer.
This is because:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
it is chemically impossible to transfer electrons directly from glucose to oxygen.
the chemical intermediates donate some of their electrons in order to increase the
electron pool.
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ADP.
the energy of the electrons can be used to make ATP.
the energy of the protons can be used to make ATP.
9. In aerobic respiration, the electrons associated with the hydrogen atoms in glucose are
transferred to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
carbon in a series of steps.
oxygen in a series of steps.
NADH in a series of steps.
the mitochondrial membranes.
hydrogen ions.
10. Which of the following is not one of the four stages of the aerobic respiration of glucose?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
glycolysis
formation of acetyl CoA
hydrolysis
citric acid cycle
electron transport
11. If conditions are aerobic, pyruvate flows directly into the _______ where some of its
atoms are converted next to _______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cytosol; oxaloacetate
cytosol; ATP
mitochondria; glucose-6-phosphate
mitochondia; acetyl coenzyme A
mitochondria; citrate
12. Which process does not match the products?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
electron transport and chemiosmosis—ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
citric acid cycle—CO2, NADH, FADH2, ATP
formation of acetyl CoA—Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
glycolysis—pyruvate, ATP, NADH
All of these processes match the products.
8-2
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
13. In eukaryotes, glycolysis occurs in the:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
mitochondrial inner membrane.
lysosomes.
Golgi complex.
cytosol.
mitochondrial matrix.
14. During chemiosmosis, ____________ are transferred from NADH and FADH 2 to electron
acceptor molecules, and the energy released is used to create a(n) ____________ gradient
across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
protons; electron
electrons; proton
ATP molecules; ADP molecule
ADP molecules; ATP molecule
water molecules; oxygen
15. NADH and FADH2 are the products of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
decarboxylation reactions.
reduction reactions.
glycolysis.
formation of acetyl coenzyme A.
chemiosmosis.
16. Which of the following statements concerning decarboxylation reactions is FALSE?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
They
They
They
They
They
occur as part of the citric acid cycle.
produce CO2 that is then exhaled via breathing.
involve the removal of a carboxyl group (-COOH) from a substrate.
are one type of general reaction that occurs during aerobic respiration.
involve the removal of two protons and two electrons.
17. In glycolysis, a six-carbon glucose molecule is converted to two three-carbon molecules
of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
pyruvate.
acetate.
coenzyme A.
oxaloacetate.
citrate.
18. NADH is formed when NAD+ accepts:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
a proton.
a hydrogen atom.
a pair of protons and an electron.
a proton and a pair of electrons.
two hydrogen atoms.
8-3
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
19. The chemical reaction illustrated in the
figure is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the first step in the citric acid cycle.
the energy producing step of glycolysis.
fermentation.
part of the electron transport chain.
None of these.
8-4
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
20. Oxidative decarboxylation of two pyruvates yields:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
2
2
2
2
1
glucose molecules.
ATP + 4 CO2 + 2 NADH.
G3P.
acetyl CoA + 2 CO2 + 2 NADH.
fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate.
21. Considering only glycolysis and the conversion of pyruvate molecules to acetyl CoA
molecules, how many NADH molecules will be produced from one glucose molecule?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
one
two
three
four
five
22. One product of the initial (first) reaction of the citric acid cycle is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ATP.
NADH.
citrate.
oxaloacetate.
acetyl-CoA.
23. During the citric acid cycle, each acetyl group entering the cycle yields:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
1
1
3
4
1
ATP,
ATP,
ATP,
ATP,
ATP,
2
3
2
2
2
NADH,
NADH,
NADH,
NADH,
NADH,
and
and
and
and
and
3
1
1
1
4
FADH2.
FADH2.
FADH2.
FADH2.
FADH2.
24. A glucose molecule that is metabolized via aerobic respiration has been completely
broken down and released as CO2 by the end of:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
fermentation.
the electron transport chain.
glycolysis.
ATP synthesis in the mitochondria.
the citric acid cycle.
25. Chemiosmosis allows exergonic redox processes to drive the endergonic reaction in
which:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ADP is produced by dephosphorylation of ATP.
glucose is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
G3P is produced from phosphorylation of ADP.
ATP is produced by phosphorylation of ADP.
pyruvate is converted to acetyl CoA.
26. The role of the oxygen molecules required for aerobic respiration is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
to
to
to
to
to
accept the low energy electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
form ATP.
produce CO2.
store high energy electrons to pass to complex I of the electron transport chain.
accept electrons directly from either NADH or FADH 2.
8-5
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
27. During aerobic respiration, oxygen is:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
formed.
reduced.
oxidized.
catabolized.
decarboxylated.
28. A drowning death would be most directly due to:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The unavailability of glucose to feed into glycolysis.
The accumulation of lactate in the muscle tissue due to anaerobic respiration.
The breakdown of pyruvate into ethyl alcohol.
The lack of oxygen to accept hydrogen.
There is not sufficient information to determine which answer is correct.
29. Organismal body heat is a:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
byproduct of endergonic reactions.
product of glucose synthesis.
byproduct of exergonic reactions.
product of anabolism.
product of ATP synthesis.
30. Which of the following statements about the electron transport chain is true?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Protons are pumped out of the mitochondria by the complexes of the electron
transport chain.
The proton gradient established during electron transport is a form of potential
energy.
The electron transport chain can be found in the mitochondria of aerobic bacteria
and other cells.
The movement of protons down a concentration gradient is an endergonic process.
ATP synthesis associated with the electron transport chain is an example of
substrate level phosphorylation.
31. When hydrogen ions (protons) are pumped across the inner mitochondrial membrane,
they form a proton gradient. ATP is then formed by a process known as:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
glycolysis.
the citric acid cycle.
chemiosmosis.
pyruvate synthesis.
substrate-level phosphorylation.
32. In chemiosmosis, ATP is produced as hydrogen ions (protons) pass through:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
the outer mitochondrial membrane.
ATP synthase.
ATP dehydrogenase.
ATP decarboxylase.
a series of electron carriers.
8-6
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
33. Deamination of amino acids in mammals yields amino groups that are converted to
____________, which is(are) excreted, and ____________, which is(are) converted to one of
the reactants of glycolysis or the citric acid cycle.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
urea; carbon chains
amino acids; ATP
amino groups; ADP
carbon chains; amino acids
amines; ATP
34. One gram of ____________ contains more than twice the amount of energy of a gram of
glucose.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
amino acids
lipids
ATP
protein
starch
35. Which of the following molecules can be used as a substrate for cellular respiration?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
glucose
lipids
proteins
fatty acids
All of these.
36. Saturated fatty acids store more energy than unsaturated fatty acids. Based on your
knowledge of aerobic respiration, you draw this conclusion because saturated fatty
acids:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
are more highly reduced.
are deaminated.
lack phosphate.
contain more ester linkages.
contain more ATP.
37. The production of alcohol or lactate from pyruvate during ____________ occurs as a
means of regenerating ____________ from ____________.
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
aerobic respiration; NAD+; NADH
fermentation; NAD+; NADH
fermentation; NADH; NAD+
fermentation; ADP; ATP
aerobic respiration; ATP; ADP
38. Select the molecule that contains the most stored chemical energy:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ethyl alcohol.
water.
carbon dioxide.
lactate.
oxygen.
8-7
Chapter 8: How Cells Make ATP: Energy-Releasing Pathways
39. Select the molecule that contains the least stored chemical energy:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
ethyl alcohol.
pyruvate.
glucose.
lactate.
oxygen.
40. The ability of some bacteria to produce lactate is exploited by humans to make:
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
cheese and ethyl alcohol.
insulin and antibodies.
yogurt and sauerkraut.
ethyl alcohol and carbonic acid.
carbon dioxide and water.
41. Which of the following statements is not correct about lactic acid fermentation?
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
It is inefficient compared to aerobic respiration.
It uses glucose as a substrate.
It produces two ATP molecules for every glucose molecule.
Oxygen is the final electron acceptor of this pathway.
Glycolysis is the only energy-yielding step of this pathway.
8-8