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Genetics Quiz Study Guide Genetics – the study of heredity Heredity – the passing of traits from parent to offspring o Trait – a characteristic of an organism controlled by a gene Gene – segment of DNA on a chromosome controlling the inheritance of traits Chromosomes – strands of DNA and protein found in the nucleus of a cell carrying the code for the characteristics of an organism Dominant – form of a trait that appears to overshadow or mask another form of the trait Recessive – form of a trait that can disappear in a population, but can reappear in future generations Alleles – the different forms a gene may have for a trait o o Homozygous – an organism that has two identical alleles for a trait Purebred – pair of chromosomes containing alleles for the same trait Homologous – a synonym for homozygous Heterozygous – an organism that has two different alleles for a trait Hybrid – a synonym for heterozygous Phenotype – a physical trait that shows as a result of an organism’s particular genotype Genotype – the genetic makeup of an organism for a trait; alleles in a gene pair Punnett square – a tool for predicting possible offspring Probability – the mathematical chance that an event will occur Egg – female sex cell Sperm – male sex cell Variation – occurrence of a trait that makes individuals different from members of the same species There are 23 pairs (46 total) of chromosomes in the human body. The 23rd pair of chromosomes is the sex chromosomes. For a male, the sex chromosomes are XY. For a female, the sex chromosomes are XX. Example: Trait – Height Possible gene pairs – TT, Tt, tt Homozygous genotype – TT, tt Phenotype for TT – tall Possible alleles – T = tall; t = short Dominant – T Recessive – t Heterozygous genotype – Tt Phenotype for Tt – tall Phenotype for tt – short