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Transcript
CHAPTER 8 LYMPHATIC AND IMMUNE SYSTEMS BEHAVIORAL OBJECTIVES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. List three functions of the lymphatic system. [8.1, p.146] Describe the structure of lymphatic vessels. [8.1, p.146, Fig. 8.2] Name and locate the lymphoid organs. [8.1, p.147, Fig. 8.3] Explain the structure and purpose of lymph nodes. [8.1, p.147] Discuss the functions of the spleen, and of the white and red pulp it contains. [8.1, p.147] Describe how the thymus gland and red bone marrow participate in immunity. [8.1, p.148] Describe barriers to entry, the inflammatory reaction, natural killer cells, and protective proteins as agents of nonspecific immunity. [8.2, pp.148-150, Figs. 8.4 & 8.5] Compare the origin, maturation, and function of B cells and T cells. [8.3, pp.150-151] Tell how a T cell recognizes an antigen. [8.3, p.150] Explain how and where B cells undergo clonal selection and expansion. [8.3, p.151, Fig. 8.6] Describe the general structure of an antibody, and state a function for the variable and constant regions. [8.3, p.152, Fig. 8.7] Describe the five classes of antibodies. [8.3, p.152, Table 8.1] Describe the dangers pesticides pose for the immune system. [8.3, p.153, Ecology Focus] Explain clonal selection as it applies to T cells. [8.3, p. 154, Fig. 8.8] List the different types of T cells, and give the action of each. [8.3, pp.154-155] Differentiate between active and passive immunity. [8.4, pp.156-158] Describe how monoclonal antibodies are produced. [8.4, p. 158, Fig. 8.12] List three types of immunological side effects, and relate them to the function of the immune system. [8.5, pp.158-160] Describe the role of the immune system in homeostasis. [8.6, p.160] Discuss how the lymphatic and immune systems work with other body systems to maintain homeostasis. [8.6, pp.160-161, Human Systems Work Together] Understand and use the bold-faced and italicized terms included in this chapter. [Understanding Key Terms, p.163] EXTENDED LECTURE OUTLINE 8.1 Lymphatic System The lymphatic system consists of lymphatic vessels and lymphoid organs. Lymphatic Vessels The lymphatic vessels collect fat molecules at intestinal villi and excess tissue fluid at blood capillaries, and carry lymph to the subclavian veins. Lymphoid Organs Lymphocytes are produced and accumulate in the lymphoid organs (red bone marrow, lymph nodes, spleen, and thymus gland). Lymph is cleansed of pathogens and/or their toxins in lymph nodes, and blood is cleansed of pathogens and/or their toxins in the spleen. T lymphocytes mature in the thymus, while B lymphocytes mature in the red bone marrow where all blood cells are produced. White blood cells are necessary for nonspecific and specific defenses. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0154l.jpg (Fig. 8.1) Image 0155l.jpg (Fig. 8.2) Image 0156al.jpg (Fig. 8.3) Image 0156bl.jpg (Fig. 8.3) Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM Lymphatic/Anatomy/Gross Anatomy Lymphatic/Anatomy/Microscopic Components 40 Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM, con’t. Lymphatic/Explorations/Lymph Movement Lymphatic/Histology/Lymph Node Lymphatic/Histology/Peyer’s Patches Lymphatic/Histology/Spleen Life Science Animations VRL 2.0 Lymphatic/Histology/Thymus Animal Biology/Immune System/ Lymphatic System Animal Biology/Immune System/The Immune System Mader ESP Modules Online Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Lymph System Transparencies 115 (Fig. 8.2) 116 (Fig. 8.3) 8.2 Nonspecific Defenses Immunity involves nonspecific and specific defenses. Barring Entry Skin, mucous membranes, oil glands, and an acidic stomach all contribute to keeping pathogens from entering the body. Inflammatory Reaction Redness, heat, swelling, and pain characterize the inflammatory reaction. The release of histamine and kinins from damaged tissue cells and mast cells bring about redness and swelling. A rise in temperature increases phagocytosis by neutrophils and macrophages. The swollen area stimulates free nerve endings, causing the sensation of pain. Natural Killer Cells Natural killer cells attack virus-infected cells and tumor cells by cell-to-cell contact. Protective Proteins Complement which includes various plasma proteins assist nonspecific immunity. They amplify the inflammatory reaction by attracting phagocytes and promoting phagocytosis. Some complement proteins form pores in the surface of bacteria and thereby cause them to burst. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0157l.jpg (Fig. 8.4) Image 0158l.jpg (Fig. 8.5) Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM Lymphatic/Explorations/Fever Lymphatic/Explorations/Inflammation Lymphatic/Explorations/Interferon Life Science Animations VRL 2.0 Lymphatic/Explorations/Phagocytosis Animal Biology/Immune System/ Phagocytic Cells Animal Biology/Immune System/Inflammatory Reaction Animal Biology/Immune System/Fever Animal Biology/Immune System/Complement Proteins Animal Biology/Immune System/ Antiviral Defense Mader ESP Modules Online Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Nonspecific Immunity Transparencies 117 (Fig. 8.4) 118 (Fig. 8.5) 41 8.3 Specific Defenses Specific defenses include the actions of B and T lymphocytes, along with the recognition of specific antigens. B Cells and Antibody-Mediated Immunity B cells mature in the bone marrow. They undergo clonal selection with production of plasma cells and memory B cells after their specific plasma membrane receptors directly combine with a particular antigen. Plasma cells secrete antibodies and eventually undergo apoptosis. Memory B cells remain in the body and produce antibodies if the same antigen enters the body at a later date. Structure of IgG The most common type of antibody, the IgG antibody, is a Y-shaped molecule that has two binding sites for a specific antigen. Other Types of Antibodies Immunoglobulins include four other types aside from IgG. They differ in structure and function as described in Table 7.1. T Cells and Cell-mediated Immunity Like B cells, each T cell bears a specific receptor. However, for a T cell to recognize an antigen, the antigen must be presented by an antigen-presenting cell (APC), usually a macrophage, along with an HLA (human lymphocyteassociated) antigen. Thereafter the activated T cell undergoes clonal expansion until the infection has been stopped. Then most of the activated T cells undergo apoptosis. A few cells remain, however, as memory T cells. Types of T Cells T cells mature in the thymus. The two main types of T cells are cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells. Cytotoxic T cells kill infected cells that bear a foreign antigen on contact; helper T cells stimulate other immune cells and produce cytokines. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0159l.jpg (Fig. 8.6) Image 0160l.jpg (Fig. 8.7) Image 0161l.jpg (Fig. 8A) Image 0162l.jpg (Fig. 8.8) Image 0163l.jpg (Fig. 8.9) Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM Lymphatic/Explorations/Cytotoxic T Cells Lymphatic/Explorations/Humoral Immunity Lymphatic/Explorations/T-Helper Cells Life Science Animations VRL 2.0 Lymphatic/Histology/Lymphocyte(s) Animal Biology/Immune System/ Immune Response Recognizes Many Targets Animal Biology/Immune System/ T-Cell Function Animal Biology/Immune System/Clonal Selection Animal Biology/Immune System/ Clonal Selection Theory as It Applies to B Cells Animal Biology/Immune System/ Clonal Selection Theory as It Applies to T Cells Mader ESP Modules Online Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Specific Immunity Transparencies 119 (Fig. 8.6) 120 (Fig. 8.7a) 121 (Fig. 8.8) 122 (Fig. 8.9b) 42 8.4 Induced Immunity Active Immunity Vaccines are available to induce long-lived active immunity. After exposure to a vaccine, antibodies are present in the body. The secondary response is higher than the primary response. Active immunity is long-lived because there are memory B cells and memory T cells in the body. Passive Immunity Passive immunity occurs when an individual is given antibodies from an outside source. For example, nursing passes antibodies from mother to child. Cytokines and Immunity Cytokines, including interferon, are used in an attempt to promote the body’s ability to recover from cancer and to treat AIDS. Monoclonal Antibodies Activated B lymphocytes are fused with myeloma cells and these hybridomas produce only one type of antibody. Monoclonal antibodies are most often used in diagnostic procedures such as pregnancy tests. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0164al.jpg (Fig. 8.10) Image 0164bl.jpg (Fig. 8.10) Image 0165l.jpg (Fig. 8.11) Image 0166l.jpg (Fig. 8.12) Dynamic Human 2.0 CD-ROM Lymphatic/Clinical Concepts/Vaccination Life Science Animations VRL 2.0 Animal Biology/Immune System/Vaccination Animal Biology/Immune System/ Production of Monoclonal Antibodies Transparencies 123 (Fig. 8.10) 124 (Fig. 8.12) 8.5 Immunity Side Effects Allergies Allergic responses occur when the immune system reacts vigorously to substances not normally recognized as foreign. Immediate Allergic Response Immediate allergic responses, usually consisting of coldlike symptoms, are due to the activity of antibodies. Delayed Allergic Response Delayed allergic responses, such as contact dermatitis, are due to the activity of T cells. Autoimmune Diseases An autoimmune disease occurs when T cells or antibodies mistakenly attack the body’s own cells. It’s been suggested that insulin-dependent diabetes is an autoimmune disease. Tissue Rejection Rejection occurs when cytotoxic T cells bring about the destruction of foreign tissue in the body. Immunosupressive drugs act by inhibiting the response of T cells to cytokines. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0167l.jpg (Fig. 8B) Mader ESP Modules Online Animals/Lymph and Immunity/Abnormalities 43 8.6 Homeostasis In general the lymphatic system and the immune system contribute to homeostasis by protecting the body from takeover by pathogens. A Human Systems Work Together box shows how the lymphatic system works with other systems in the body to maintain homeostasis. Mader VRL CD-ROM Image 0168al.jpg (Fig. TA8.1) Image 0168bl.jpg (Fig. TA8.1) Image 0169l.jpg (Fig. TA8.2) Case Studies Online Biological Weapons Site Threatens to Spread Disease Transparencies 125 (Fig. TA8.1) 126 (Fig. TA8.2) SEVENTH EDITION CHANGES New/Revised Text: This was chapter 7, Lymphatic System and Immunity, in the previous edition. The introductory story was revised to better introduce the immune system and its functions. 8.4 Induced Immunity. The immunization schedule for infants and young children has been updated to contain the latest requirements. In Cytokines and Immunity, the explanation of the technique to activate cytotoxic T cells to destroy cancer cells has been clarified. The explanation of the delayed allergic response has been simplified. New/Revised Figures: 8.6 Clonal selection theory as it applies to B cells; 8.8 Clonal selection theory as it applies to T cells; 8.10b (updated Immunization table) New/Revised Table: 8.1; immunization table in Figure 8.10 STUDENT ACTIVITIES Do You Suffer from Allergies? 1. Have students read the Health Focus “Immediate Allergic Responses” before coming to class. Then, survey your class and tally the number of students who are allergic to common allergens, such as mold, dust, and pollen. Next, ask if anyone has food allergies, and tally the number of students who have had reactions to peanuts, wheat gluten, milk products, certain fruits (strawberries), or mushrooms. Finally, determine whether any students are allergic to bee or wasp stings. Discuss whether students feel allergies are a nuisance or are lifethreatening. Pesticides: Are They Needed? 2. Students should read the Ecology Focus, “Pesticide: An Asset or a Liability,” before coming to class. Several groups, such as farmers, pesticide producers, environmentalists, and the general public are involved in this controversy, and the class can be divided so that each group is represented. The “farmers” decide what their needs are, and then the “pesticide producers” and the “environmentalists” try to convince the farmers that they can meet those needs. The farmers try to find flaws in the arguments based on their needs. The “general public” decide what their needs are and, after hearing the arguments of the pesticide producers and environmentalists, counsel the farmers to choose the group they support. Each student writes a short article covering the event. How Stress Affects the Immune System 3. Devise a questionnaire for your students that examines their unique responses to stress. Alternatively, hold a class discussion, asking volunteers to describe their responses to stress in a variety of situations. What certain people find stressful may not bother other people at all. Discuss what students find stressful (e.g., exam days, oral reports, term papers, dating). Relocating, relationship breakups, illness, and relationships with bosses or parents are other potential stressors. 44 The stress questionnaire might go something like this (students circle answers): Frequency of Illness Under stress, are you: more likely to become ill as likely to become ill as when I am not under stress less likely to become ill. Sleeping Habits Under stress, do you: sleep more sleep the same amount sleep less What are your dreams like when you are under stress? dream about what is stressing me dream about the same things as usual have nightmares don’t dream at all Eating Habits Under stress, do you: eat more and more nutritiously eat more, usually junk food eat the same as I always do eat less but more nutritiously eat less, period Relationships with Others Under stress, are you: more likely to argue, yell, or be angry likely to act pretty much the same as always more likely to become more docile Compile the results of class questionnaires. Discuss the outcome. Ask students whether punishing their bodies (lack of sleep, eating junk food, etc.) during times of stress creates more stress. 45