Download Dissociative Disorders

DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
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Dissociative refers to the separation of certain
personality components or mental processes
from conscious thought.
TYPES
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Dissociative Amnesia
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Sudden loss of a memory due to a traumatic event
Dissociative Fugue
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Not only to people forget personal information, but they
relocate and start a new life.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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This is not permanent and the fugue does end
(multiple personalities)- usually result of child abuse
Two or more personalities that come out at different times
Depersonalization Disorder
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People with the feeling that they are on the outside of their
body looking at themselves.
EXPLANATIONS
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Psychoanalysts
 Dissociate
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in order to repress “Urges”
Learning theorists
 People
have learned not to think about disturbing
events in order to avoid the feelings of guilt, shame
or pain
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Cognitive/Biological
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not have a complete explanation for dissociative
disorders
TOP 5 SYPMTOMS OF DID
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De-realization
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Dissociation
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This is the most common symptom of DID. In an attempt to forget the traumatic past, the
dissociative disorder patient may simply dissociate themselves from those unpleasant
memories. They seem to completely forget about various special events in their lives such
as their birthdays, weddings, or even birth of their children. Extreme cases may try to harm
themselves by self mutilation to overcome their traumatic past.
Feeling lost and lonely
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DID patients may refuse to recognize their own images in the mirror and feel as if they are
two different people caught in a single body. There are instances of people with DID
hearing imaginary voices in their head from someone who they don’t recognize. A
continuous conflict in the mind about who they really are and what they want may be
symptoms of this disorder.
Often, individuals with multiple personality disorder find themselves doing things that they
don’t recall later. They often get accused of lying as they seem to find themselves in places
where they simply don’t remember to have traveled.
Identity crisis
Difficulties in expressing themselves
Individuals suffering from this disorder usually don't share a good relationship with family
due to their reluctance to express and share feelings. Presence of other similar mental
disorders such as conversion disorder or post-traumatic stress disorder may also
precipitate DID.
CLOSER LOOK WITH CASE STUDIES
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Case Study 1
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Case Study 2
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Zelda is extremely concerned with cleanliness. In fact, before she
retires at night, she goes through a cleaning ritual of her clothes
and body that sometimes lasts for up to 2 hours. If she misses a
step in the ritual or performs part of it imperfectly, she starts the
ritual all over again.
Monica is suffering from a form of amensia. She has deliberately
left her home town moved to another city 350 miles away, and
has assumed a new identity, a new job, and even new personality
characteristics.
Case Study 3
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Alex periodically suffers from extremely high levels of anxiety but
he cannot pinpoint the source or otherwise say why he is so
anxious. He is terrified at times, his heart often races, he feels
wobbly, and has difficulty concentrating.
CONTINUED
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Case Study 4
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Karen worries excessively about developing a rare disease. When
she meets friends or writes letters to her relatives, she is
constantly discussing how she feels and expresses concern that
even the most minor irregularities in the functioning of her body
are symptoms of underlying diseases. She spents a good deal of
time consulting doctors for a second opinion.
Case Study 5
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Terry complains that he is experiencing recurrent episodes of
lightheadedness, rapid breathing, and dizziness, especially as he
attempts to leave his house. The symptoms have become so
severe that, in fact, he is leaving his house less and less
frequently. He now only goes the grocery store in the company of
his sister. Once in the store, he checks immediately for the exits
and windows
ANSWERS
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Case Study 1: Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Case Study 2:Psychogenic Fugue
Case Study 3: Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Case Study 4: Hypochondriasis
Case Study 5: Phobic Disorder (In This Case,
Agoraphobia)
SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
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Psychological problems but with inexplicable
physical pain.
TYPES OF SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
Conversion Disorder
 Hypochondriacs
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Chart on Page 422, put it in your notes
CONVERSION DISORDER
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There are no standard tests to check for conversion disorder. The
tests your doctor uses will depend on what kind of signs and
symptoms you have. They may include:
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Simple bedside tests. Your doctor checks for normal reflexes to help rule
out a physical cause for your signs and symptoms. These tests don't
require any specialized equipment and are quick and painless. The
exact tests your doctor does depends on your signs and symptoms.
X-rays or other imaging tests. These tests may help your doctor confirm
that your symptoms aren't caused by an injury or neurological or other
physical conditions that might cause similar symptoms.
An electroencephalogram (EEG) scan. Your doctor uses an EEG because
it can help rule out a neurological cause of seizure symptoms. This test
is a painless procedure to detect electrical activity in your brain. It's used
to test for epilepsy and other brain disorders.
CONVERSION DIAGNOSIS
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Diagnosis can be tricky because a doctor must rule out
medical conditions with a physical cause. Conversion
disorder can mimic a number of other health problems,
including:
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Myasthenia gravis — a muscle weakness disorder
Guillain-Barre syndrome — an uncommon disorder in which your
body's immune system attacks your nerves
Neurological disorders, such as multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's
disease and epilepsy
Stroke
Lupus
Spinal cord injury
HIV/AIDS
WARNING SIGNS OF HYPOCONDIRACS
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The person has a history of going to many doctors. He or she might
even "shop around" for a doctor who will agree that he or she has a
serious illness.
The person recently experienced a loss or stressful event.
The person is overly concerned about a specific organ or body
system, such as the heart or the digestive system.
The person’s symptoms or area of concern might shift or change.
A doctor’s reassurance does not calm the person’s fears. They
believe the doctor is wrong or made a mistake.
The person might have had a serious illness as a child.
The person’s concern about illness interferes with his or her work,
family, and social life.
The person might suffer from anxiety, nervousness, and/or
depression
CAUSES OF HYPOCONDRIACS
A history of physical or sexual abuse
 A poor ability to express emotions
 A parent or close relative with the disorder —
Children might learn this behavior if a parent is
overly concerned about disease and/or
overreacts to even minor illnesses.
 An inherited susceptibility for the disorder
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MOOD DISORDERS
MOOD DISORDERS
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All mood disorders are characterizes into 2
categories
 Depression
 Bipolar
Disorders
DEPRESSION
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By far the most common of all psychological
disorders
Depressed mood (feelings of sadness or being blue)
 Lack of interest (in activities that you previously
enjoyed)
 Feelings of worthlessness
 Poor concentration
 Thoughts of death
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As many as 15% of severely depressed people
commit suicide.
BIPOLAR DISORDER
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Used to be called manic
depression
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Periods of extreme
excitement---mania’s
Can quickly change to
feelings of depression
In severe cases
individuals may have
delusions or
hallucinations, hearing
voices etc.
SYMPTOMS OF BIPOLAR DISORDER
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Euphoria
Inflated self-esteem
Poor judgment
Rapid speech
Racing thoughts
Aggressive behavior
Agitation or irritation
Increased physical activity
Risky behavior
Spending sprees or unwise financial
choices
Increased drive to perform or achieve goals
Increased sex drive
Decreased need for sleep
Easily distracted
Careless or dangerous use of drugs or
alcohol
Frequent absences from work or school
Delusions or a break from reality
(psychosis)
Poor performance at work or school
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Sadness
Hopelessness
Suicidal thoughts or behavior
Anxiety
Guilt
Sleep problems
Low appetite or increased appetite
Fatigue
Loss of interest in activities once
considered enjoyable
Problems concentrating
Irritability
Chronic pain without a known cause
Frequent absences from work or school
Poor performance at work or school
DIFFERENT PRESPECTIVES
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Outline page 424 and 425 to find the
similarities and differences in psychological
and biological views of depression and bipolar
disorder
WHAT DOES THIS PICTURE MAKE YOU FEEL?
SCHIZOPHRENIA
SCHIZOPHRENIA
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Usually considered the most serious of psychological disorders.
Usually appears in young adults and progresses gradually
Many different kinds of symptoms’’
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Delusions. These beliefs are not based in reality and usually involve
misinterpretation of perception or experience. They are the most
common of schizophrenic symptoms.
Hallucinations. These usually involve seeing or hearing things that don't
exist, although hallucinations can be in any of the senses. Hearing
voices is the most common hallucination among people with
schizophrenia.
Thought disorder. Difficulty speaking and organizing thoughts may result
in stopping speech midsentence or putting together meaningless words,
sometimes known as word salad.
Disorganized behavior. This may show in a number of ways, ranging from
childlike silliness to unpredictable agitation.
NEGATIVE SYMPTOMS
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Negative symptoms refer to a diminishment or
absence of characteristics of normal function.
They may appear with or without positive
symptoms.
Loss of interest in everyday activities
 Appearing to lack emotion
 Reduced ability to plan or carry out activities
 Neglect of personal hygiene
 Social withdrawal
 Loss of motivation
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COGNITIVE SYMPTOMS
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Cognitive symptoms involve problems with thought
processes. These symptoms may be the most
disabling in schizophrenia because they interfere
with the ability to perform routine daily tasks. A
person with schizophrenia may be born with these
symptoms.
Problems with making sense of information
 Difficulty paying attention
 Memory problems
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TEENAGER SYMPTOMS
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Schizophrenia symptoms in teenagers are similar to those in
adults, but the condition may be more difficult to recognize
in this age group. This may be in part because some of the
early symptoms in teenagers are common during teen years
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Withdrawal from friends and family
A drop in performance at school
Trouble sleeping
Irritability
Compared with schizophrenia symptoms in adults, teens
may be:
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Less likely to have delusions
More likely to have visual hallucinations
TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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Paranoid Schizophrenia
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Delusions and Hallucinations centered around a single
theme
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May be convinced that people are after them (paranoid)
Disorganized Schizophrenia
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People who are incoherent in speech and thought as well as
disorganized in their behavior
Delusions and hallucinations are brief and not connected
 Normally either emotionless or show inappropriate emotions
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Catatonic Schizophrenia
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Disturbance of movement, usually slow movements then
move to agitation.
CATATONIC SCHIZOPHRENIA CONTINUTED
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Individuals may hold strange or uncomfortable
positions for hours at a time.
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
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These are not Psychological disorders
 They
are patterns of inflexible traits that disrupt
social life or work and distress the affected
individual
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Major components of an individuals personality
 Antisocial
disorder.
is one common type of personality
TYPES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Paranoid
 Schiziod
 Antisocial
 Avoidant
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