Download Chapter 2b Packet answers

Chapter 2b Packet
Name ______________________Date _____________ Period _____
2b Quiz Study Guide (___________________)
Using the table below, be able to identify which group of organic molecules each function, picture, building block or
example goes with (see practice quiz/video notes for more information).
Organic
Molecules
Carbohydrates
Function
Short term energy storage,
Support
Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Long-term energy storage,
Cell membrane,
Water-proofing,
Insulation
Transport,
Movement,
Speed’s up chemical
reactions, Support
Control’s cell’s activities,
Carries hereditary info,
Makes proteins
Picture
Building Blocks
Monosaccharides
(glucose, fructose)
Glycerol and
fatty acids
Amino acids
Nucleotides
Examples
Lactose, Sucrose
Starch, Glucose, Fructose
Glycogen
Cellulose
Phospholipids
Waxes, Steroids
Saturated Fats
Unsaturated Fats
Enzymes
Antibodies
Actin/Myosin
Keratin
DNA
RNA
Ch. 2b Test Study Guide (________________)
 Know the definitions of the words: energy, work, organic compounds, enzymes, fiber, glycogen, starch, cellulose,
products, reactants, nucleotides, amino acids, substrates, active site, saturated fats, unsaturated fats, lipids, ATP,
macromolecule, monomer, polymer, and subunits.
 Understand there are four basic groups of macromolecules or polymers that make up in living things.
 Know the functions of each group of organic molecules.
 Be able to identify pictures of the four groups of molecules or their building blocks (monomers).
 Be able to identify the building blocks (monomers) of each group.
 Be able to identify examples from the notes, labs, and text from each group.
 Understand how enzymes work and be able to identify the parts of an enzyme-substrate complex including the
active site, products, and reactants allosteric inhibitor and competitor.
 Understand that temperature and pH can influence the rate of enzyme action.
 Be able to interpret/analyze graphs looking at enzyme dynamics.
Ch 2b Reading Guide: Pages 34-37: Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins and Nucleic Acids
1. _Organic___ compounds contain carbon atoms that are covalently bonded to other elements—typically hydrogen,
oxygen, and other carbon atoms.
2. __Four____ main classes of organic compounds are found in living things: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids.
3. _Carbohydrates__ are a key source of energy, and they are found in most foods—especially
fruits, vegetables, and grains.
4. The building blocks of carbohydrates are single sugars, called monosaccharides such as _glucose_ and
__fructose___________.
5. Disaccharides are double sugars formed when ___2___ monosaccharides are joined.
6. Polysaccharides such as starch are chains of __three__ or more monosaccharides.
7. There are two polysaccharides that store energy. _Starch_ is made by plants. __Glycogen____, which is made by
animals. Both are made of hundreds of linked glucose molecules.
8. ___Cellulose___ is a polysaccharide that provides structural support for plants. Humans cannot digest it. This is
the “fiber” in our diets.
9. _Lipids_______ are nonpolar molecules that are not soluble in water. They include fats, phospholipids, steroids,
and waxes.
10. Phospholipids make up the lipid bilayer of _cell__ membranes. Steroids__ include cholesterol, which is found in
animal cell membranes
11. _Fats__ are lipids that store energy.
12. Most animal fats—such as those in butter, lard, and grease from cooked meats—contain
primarily _Saturated___ fatty acids. (solid at room temperature)
13. Most plant oils, such as olive oil, and some fish oils contain mainly _Unsaturated _ fatty acids and are generally
liquid at room temperature.
14. A __Protein__ is a large molecule formed by linked smaller molecules called amino acids.
15. ___Amino Acids __are the building blocks of proteins. __20__ different amino acids are found in proteins.
16. Proteins have many different functions such as (list 3) _antibodies, blood clot, speeds up chemical reactions,
structural, muscles contract, carries oxygen___.
17. Smaller molecules that make up nucleic acids are called _nucleotides_, which has three parts: a sugar, a base,
and a phosphate group.
18. There are two types of nucleic acids—__RNA__ and _DNA_______.
19. _Chromosomes___ contain long strands of DNA, which stores hereditary information.
Pages 38-42: Energy and Chemical Reactions
1. _Energy_ is the ability to move or change matter.
2. List at least four forms of energy.
1. _light_________________
3. _mechanical_________________
2. _heat_________________
4. _chemical_________________
3. A _Chemical Reaction__is a process during which chemical bonds between atoms are broken and new
ones are formed, producing one or more different substances.
4. The starting materials for chemical reactions are called _Reactants_________________.
5. The newly formed substances are called _Products_________________.
6. Chemical reactions are summarized by chemical _Formulas______, which are written in the following
form:
Reactants → Products
7. _Metabolism_______ is the term used to describe all of the chemical reactions that occur within an organism.
8. Your cells get most of the energy it needs from _food_____.
9. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called __activation__energy__. (chemical push)
10. _Biochemical Reactions _ are chemical reactions that occur in cells.
11. __Enzymes_____ are substances that increase the speed of chemical reactions.
12. Most enzymes are __proteins______.
13. Enzymes are also called __catalysts________, substances that reduce the activation energy (chemical push)
of a chemical reactions.
14. A substance on which enzymes react during a chemical reaction is called a _substrate___.
15. An enzyme’s _shape_ determines its activity.
16. The folds or pockets are called the __active site___. Each enzyme only works with a
specific substrate that fits into its active site.
17. Any factor that changes the _shape___ of an enzyme can affect the enzyme’s activity.
18. List two factors that can affect an enzymes activity. 1. _temperature__ 2. __pH_______________
Chapter 2b Notes
Section 3
Carbon Compounds
Macromolecule means “large molecule”; four main groups of polymersCarbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins, and Nucleic Acids
Each polymer is made of individual
building blocks called monomers
or subunits.
Organic Molecule Example
Group Picture
A. Carbohydrates- organic compounds made of carbon, hydrogen
Function
and oxygen atoms in the ratio 1:2:1
Function - Short term energy storage, support
Building Blocks
Examples:
--Monosaccharide: building blocks of all carb. - simple sugars; glucose and fructose - C6H12Examples
O6
--Polysaccharides: Large compounds to store energy; starch (plants) and glycogen (animals)
and Cellulose is a polysaccharide used for support
B. Lipids: non-polar molecules that are not soluble in water
Function-- Long-term energy storage, cell membrane, water-proofing, insulation
--made of glycerol and 3 fatty acids
Examples:
Phospholipids (make up cell membrane), steroids (strengthen
cell membrane), waxes, oils, pigments (chlorophyll)
C. Proteins- Large molecule formed by linking amino acids together
Examples-enzymes, collagen (skin, ligaments, tendons, bones), hair, muscle, etc.
Function: Transport, movement, speed’s up chemical reactions, support
D. Nucleic Acids- long chain of smaller molecules called nucleotides - Has 3 parts
1) Sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
2) Base (A,G,C,T/A,G,C,U)
3) Phosphate (PO4)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)- genetic code, double stranded
RNA (ribonucleic acid)- single stranded
Function: Control’s cell’s activities,
carries hereditary info, makes proteins
E. ATP- energy for all cells (energy
is in the bonds of the phosphate)
Section 4
Enzymes- proteins that increase the speed of
chemical reactions (biological catalysts)
--Substrate- substance on which an enzyme acts during a chemical reaction
--Active sites- substrate and enzyme fit together here
--Competitive inhibitor- something that binds to the enzyme at the active site, but is different than the
substrate
--Allosteric inhibitor- when something else binds to the enzyme that slows down the binding of the
substrate
ENZYMES operate more efficiently within a range of temperatures and pH
ENZYMES ONLINE!
Answer the questions _______________ as you go through the web activity.
An (*) indicates that there is NO question attached to the number.
Read the introduction, paying careful attention to the words: protein, specific, “not changed”, shape, denaturing,
FROM THE ENZYME MENU, Select “Why Enzymes?”
1. Click “Without Enzymes” and click “Play” to watch the animation. What happens to the two sugar
molecules? __They collide a lot, but do not combine._____________
2. Click “With Enzymes” and “Play” to see the reaction. What happens to the sugar molecules this
time? _The enzyme allows the two molecules to get into the correct position so the bond between the
two can form. ____
3. Click “Play” again to see more details about the reaction. What happens to the enzyme? _The
enzyme is unchanged and be reused to do the same things again. ________________
Go back to the ENZYME MENU and click “Specifications”
4. What does it mean for an enzyme to be “specific”? Each enzyme is only used for a specific reaction.
5. Click “Play” a couple of times to see the entire chemical reaction take place, then describe in your
own words, WHY the sugar required a specific enzyme.__ Each reactions needs an enzyme that fits
with the particular molecule it is breaking apart or putting together. __________________
6. Click “Play” again to see a reaction that WILL use the green enzyme, then click “Enzyme menu” to
go back.*
Go back to the ENZYME MENU and click “Reusing Enzymes.”
7. Click “Play” to see two small sugars fit into the enzyme. Then click “Play” again. What happens
this time? __Two molecules fit and form a bond... _______
8. And the time after that? (You have to click “Play” to find out.) __ The molecules then shift down
one and the enzyme creates another bond, adding onto the chain _____________________
9. What is formed at the end of the process? _ This continues until a long chain is complete ________
Go back to the ENZYME MENU and click “Denaturing”
10. Click “Play” a few times to see the diagram show how enzymes MUST be a specific shape in order
to work.*
11. What happens to the enzyme if it is heated? __It’s shape can change________________
12. What happens when the small molecules “try” to fit? _They won’t fit and won’t be able to react.___
Reactant/Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
Product
Chapter 2b Extra Practice1. All organic compounds contain _carbon____________.
2. Without _energy___, organisms could NOT maintain homeostasis, carry out chemical reactions, make their own food.
3. The ability to move or change matter is __energy____________________.
4. All living things require a source of _energy_ to carry out their life activities.
5. The starting materials for chemical reactions are called _reactants__, while thenew substances that are formed are
called __products__.
6. The energy needed to start a chemical reaction is called ____activation energy__.
7. A chemical reaction can be sped up by adding a substance called a(n) __enzyme/catalyst_, which lowers the amount
of activation energy required to start the reaction.
8. The portion of an enzyme molecule into which a specific substrate can fit is called the _active site__.
9. Trypsin is a(n) __enzyme_______ that aids in digestion by helping to break down the foods we eat.
10. Foods that are high in fiber most likely come from plants________.
11. __ATP_______ stores energy for cells to use in the bonds between its phosphate bonds.
12. Olive oil and fish oil are examples of _unsaturated_ fatty acids.
13. Lipids that are solid at room temperature are _saturated__ fats.
14. DNA and RNA are made up of _nucleotides_, which contain a sugar, a base, and a phosphate group.
15. Protein folding is determined by the sequence of the _amino acids__.
16. Examples of _proteins__ in your body include collagen and hemoglobin.
17. Monosaccharide, glycogen, cellulose are terms is associated with __carbohydrates__.
18. The speed of a chemical reaction is increased by an _enzyme___.
19. _DNA__ stores heredity information
20. Two carbohydrates that store energy are _starch__, which is produced by plants to store energy, and __glycogen_,
which is produced by animals to store energy.
21. In nucleotides, the letters A, T, C, and G represent nitrogenous bases _.
22. A substrate attaches to the_active site__ of an enzyme.
23. Temperature and _pH_ can affect enzyme activity.
24. _Lipids______ a class of organic compounds that includes fats, steroids, and waxes.
25. The building blocks of proteins are __amino acids_; carbohydrates are monosaccharides; nucleic acids are
_nucleotides___; and lipids are _glycerol__ and _fatty acids_.
26. _Carbohydrates__ provides temporary storage of energy for cells.
27. _Enzymes_ reduce the activation energy of chemical reactions.
.
SOL Questions
28.
The graph to the right represents the relationship between pH and the rate of enzyme
action for two enzymes, X and Y. Which statement best describes this pattern of
enzyme action?
a. As the pH increases from 2.5 to 3.5, the rate of action of enzyme X decreases.
b. At a pH of 5.5, the rate of action of enzyme X is the same as that of enzyme Y.
c. As the pH increases from 10 to 11, the rate of action of enzyme Y increases.
d. At a pH of 7.0, the rate of action of enzyme Y is less than that of enzyme X .
29.
This graph to the right shows that
a. pepsin is less effective at low pH than trypsin.
b. trypsin is not effective at a high pH.
c. pH affects the activity rate of enzymes differently.
d. more enzymes are present at a higher pH.
30.
According to the graph, addition of the enzyme
amylase causes the reaction to —
a. speed up
b. slow down
c. take in heat
d. give off heat
.
Base your answers on questions 31-34 on the organic compounds represented below and your knowledge of biology.
nucleic acid
protein
lipid
carbohydrate
A.
C.
B.
D.
31.
32.
Which compound represents the basic unit of both a DNA molecule and an RNA molecule? __A_____
Which compound contains both an amine group and a carboxyl group? ____B_______
33.
Which macromolecules are made up of repeating units of molecule D?
a. proteins and nucleic acids
c. fats and oils
b. hemoglobin and enzymes
d. starch and cellulose
34.
Which food contains the highest percentage of the type of molecule represented by C?
a. butter
b. bread
c. table sugar
d. lettuce
35.
Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down Lactose in cells. It accomplishes this because of its
structure. What part of the enzyme is involved in catalytic activity?
a. Binding pocket
b. Pleated sheet
c. Quaternary structure
d. Active site
36.
Enzymes only work with specific substrates because each substrate —
a. actively interferes with other substrates around it
b. has a specific activation site for enzyme attachment
c. can only use a specific ionic bond with the enzyme
d. destroys its specific enzyme
Use the following terms for these 2 diagrams: Substrate, product, enzyme, active site, enzyme-substrate, complex
Product
Substrate
Active site
Enzyme
Active site
Substrate
Enzyme
Enzyme
Enzyme-Substrate Complex
37. On the basis of the above graph, at which temperature did the catalase exhibit the greatest activity? __40oC_
38. Why did the activity of catalase decrease as the temperature continued to increase above 40oC? __________
__the temperature could have caused the shape of the enzyme or active site to change making it less effective____