Download Reading Guide 11-1 Name

Reading Guide 11-1
Name: ___________________________________________________
1. Every living thing has a set of _____________________________ inherited from its parents.
2. Define genetics: ______________________________________________________.
3. After becoming a _______________, Mendel spent several years studying
____________________ and mathematics at the University of Vienna.
4. During sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join, a process
known as ___________________________________________.
5. Pea flowers are normally ______________________________, which means
that sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the ________________ flowers.
6. Define true-breeding: _____________________________________________________________.
7. When Mendel crossed plants with _________________________ characters for the same trait, the
resulting offspring had only one of the characters.
8. A __________________________ is a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that
varies from one individual to another.
9. Filius and filia are the Latin words for _______________ and _______________.
10. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called ______________________.
11. To Mendel’s surprise, all of the offspring had the character of only __________ of the parents.
12. Mendel’s first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by _______________ that are
_______________ from one generation to the next.
13. Scientist calls the chemical factors that determine traits ______________________________.
14. Define an allele: ___________________________________________________________________.
15. Mendel’s second conclusion is the ______________________ _____ ______________________.
16. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are _____________________ and others are
_____________________________.
17. When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination the traits controlled by
_______________ alleles reappeared in about _________ of the F2 plants in each cross.
18. Define segregation: _______________________________________________________________.
19. A gamete is a __________ cell.
20. A capital letter T represents a __________________________________ allele.
Section 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares
21. Mendel realized that the principles of probabilities could be used to ___________________ the results
of genetic crosses.
22. The likelihood that a particular ______________ will occur is called ______________.
23. That individual probabilities are _______________ together illustrates an important point – past
outcomes do not affect _______________ ones.
24. Punnett squares can be used to _______________ and compare the genetic variations that will results
from a cross.
25. Organisms that have two identical alleles are called __________________________________
26. Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are called __________________________
27. A _________________________________is a physical characteristic.
28. A plant with the genotype Tt will have what phenotype? __________________________
29. A plant with the short phenotype will have what genotype? __________________
30. Probabilities predict the _______________ outcome of a _______________ number of events.
31. Probability cannot predict the _______________ outcome of an individual event.
11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics
Name __________________________________
1. A two-factor cross follows two different __________________ as they pass from one generation to the next.
2. All the F1 offspring from the cross RRYY x rryy were ____________________ and __________________.
3. The genotypes of the F1 offspring were ______________________
4. Mendel’s F2 generation showed that the alleles for seed shape segregated independently of those for seed color – a
principle known as _____________________________
_______________________________
5. When a RrYy plant was crossed with an RrYy plant, what ratio was shown in the punnet square? _______________
6. The principle of independent assortment states that genes can segregate ___________________________ during the
formation of ____________________________.
7. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic __________________________ observed in plants,
animals, and other organisms.
8. Fill out the diagram below as it pertains to Mendel’s crosses and independent assortment.
9. A summary of Mendel’s Principles:
 The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as _______________.
Genes are passed from parents to offspring.

In cases in which two or more forms ( ________________ ) of the gene for a single traist exist, some forms of the
gene may be dominant and others may be __________________________.

In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has ____________ copies of each gene – one from each
parent. These genes are _______________________ from each other when gametes are formed.

The alleles of different genes usually segregate ______________________________ of one another.
Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles
10. Some alleles are neither dominant nor _________________________, and many traits are controlled by
_______________________ alleles or by multiple genes.
11. In the F1 generation of Mirabilis plants, a red flower crossed with a white flower will produce ___________ flowers.
12. Cases where one allele is not completely dominant over another is called
______________________________ _______________________________
13. _________________________________ occurs when both alleles contribute to the phenotype.
14. Describe the “erminette” color in chickens: _____________________________________________________
15. Which is which? (This is not in your book). For each example, determine whether the genes show INCOMPLETE
DOMINANCE (IC) or CODOMINANCE (CO)
_______ Black x white = all grey offspring
_______ Black x white = black offspring with white spots
_______ A centipede with stubby legs is crossed with one with long legs, offspring have a mix of stubby and long legs.
_______ A cow with long horns is crossed with a cow with short horns, offspring have medium length horns.
16. The best known example that illustrates multiple alleles is ___________________________________________
17. The gene for coat color in rabbits is controlled by 4 different alleles, describe them: (fig 11-12)
C = _________________________
Cch = ___________________________________
Ch = __________________________
c = ___________________________________
18. What type of rabbit is this?
____________________________________________
18. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be ____________________________________ traits.
19. What human trait is polygenic? ______________________________________
Applying Mendel’s Principles
20. What animal did Thomas Morgan choose to study? ___________________________________
21. Why was this animal an ideal organism for the study of genetics? _____________________________________
Genetics and the Environment
22. Genes provide a plan for __________________________________, but how that plan unfolds also depends on the
______________________________________________