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Genetics Gregor Mendel: Father of Genetics Genetics: study of heredity Heredity: passing traits from parent to offspring Used peas to study heredity Why Peas? 1. Several Traits 2. Control mating 3. Small, grow easily, and matures quickly Alleles: Different versions of a gene Ex: White and Purple Flowers Mendel’s Experiment Monohybrid Cross: One pair of contrasting traits. Ex: Mating a plant with purple flowers with white flowers True-breeding: All offspring would have only one form of the trait Ex: Purple-flowering plant only has purpleflowered offspring Mendel’s Experiments Vocabulary Dominant: Expressed in appearance (A) Recessive: Not noticeable in appearance (a) Homozygous: AA or aa Heterozygous: Aa More Vocabulary Genotype: Genetic make up (ex: Pp) Phenotype: Appearance (ex: Purple flowers) Laws of Heredity Law of Segregation The two alleles for a trait separate when gametes are formed Law of Independent Assortment Alleles of different genes separate independently of each other during meiosis Law of Segregation Separation of alleles into separate gametes 50% chance that one allele will go into a gamete Law of Independent Assortment Punnett Square Ratios Test Cross Dihybrid Cross: Cross that involve two traits