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Reading Guide 11-1 Name: ___________________________________________________ 1. Every living thing has a set of _____________________________ inherited from its parents. 2. Define genetics: ______________________________________________________. 3. After becoming a _______________, Mendel spent several years studying ____________________ and mathematics at the University of Vienna. 4. During sexual reproduction, male and female reproductive cells join, a process known as ___________________________________________. 5. Pea flowers are normally ______________________________, which means that sperm cells in pollen fertilize the egg cells in the ________________ flowers. 6. Define true-breeding: _____________________________________________________________. 7. When Mendel crossed plants with _________________________ characters for the same trait, the resulting offspring had only one of the characters. 8. A __________________________ is a specific characteristic, such as seed color or plant height, that varies from one individual to another. 9. Filius and filia are the Latin words for _______________ and _______________. 10. The offspring of crosses between parents with different traits are called ______________________. 11. To Mendel’s surprise, all of the offspring had the character of only __________ of the parents. 12. Mendel’s first conclusion was that biological inheritance is determined by _______________ that are _______________ from one generation to the next. 13. Scientist calls the chemical factors that determine traits ______________________________. 14. Define an allele: ___________________________________________________________________. 15. Mendel’s second conclusion is the ______________________ _____ ______________________. 16. The principle of dominance states that some alleles are _____________________ and others are _____________________________. 17. When Mendel allowed the F1 plants to reproduce by self-pollination the traits controlled by _______________ alleles reappeared in about _________ of the F2 plants in each cross. 18. Define segregation: _______________________________________________________________. 19. A gamete is a __________ cell. 20. A capital letter T represents a __________________________________ allele. Section 11-2 Probability and Punnett Squares 21. Mendel realized that the principles of probabilities could be used to ___________________ the results of genetic crosses. 22. The likelihood that a particular ______________ will occur is called ______________. 23. That individual probabilities are _______________ together illustrates an important point – past outcomes do not affect _______________ ones. 24. Punnett squares can be used to _______________ and compare the genetic variations that will results from a cross. 25. Organisms that have two identical alleles are called __________________________________ 26. Organisms that have two different alleles for the same trait are called __________________________ 27. A _________________________________is a physical characteristic. 28. A plant with the genotype Tt will have what phenotype? __________________________ 29. A plant with the short phenotype will have what genotype? __________________ 30. Probabilities predict the _______________ outcome of a _______________ number of events. 31. Probability cannot predict the _______________ outcome of an individual event. 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Name __________________________________ 1. A two-factor cross follows two different __________________ as they pass from one generation to the next. 2. All the F1 offspring from the cross RRYY x rryy were ____________________ and __________________. 3. The genotypes of the F1 offspring were ______________________ 4. Mendel’s F2 generation showed that the alleles for seed shape segregated independently of those for seed color – a principle known as _____________________________ _______________________________ 5. When a RrYy plant was crossed with an RrYy plant, what ratio was shown in the punnet square? _______________ 6. The principle of independent assortment states that genes can segregate ___________________________ during the formation of ____________________________. 7. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic __________________________ observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. 8. Fill out the diagram below as it pertains to Mendel’s crosses and independent assortment. 9. A summary of Mendel’s Principles: The inheritance of biological characteristics is determined by individual units known as _______________. Genes are passed from parents to offspring. In cases in which two or more forms ( ________________ ) of the gene for a single traist exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be __________________________. In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has ____________ copies of each gene – one from each parent. These genes are _______________________ from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles of different genes usually segregate ______________________________ of one another. Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles 10. Some alleles are neither dominant nor _________________________, and many traits are controlled by _______________________ alleles or by multiple genes. 11. In the F1 generation of Mirabilis plants, a red flower crossed with a white flower will produce ___________ flowers. 12. Cases where one allele is not completely dominant over another is called ______________________________ _______________________________ 13. _________________________________ occurs when both alleles contribute to the phenotype. 14. Describe the “erminette” color in chickens: _____________________________________________________ 15. Which is which? (This is not in your book). For each example, determine whether the genes show INCOMPLETE DOMINANCE (IC) or CODOMINANCE (CO) _______ Black x white = all grey offspring _______ Black x white = black offspring with white spots _______ A centipede with stubby legs is crossed with one with long legs, offspring have a mix of stubby and long legs. _______ A cow with long horns is crossed with a cow with short horns, offspring have medium length horns. 16. The best known example that illustrates multiple alleles is ___________________________________________ 17. The gene for coat color in rabbits is controlled by 4 different alleles, describe them: (fig 11-12) C = _________________________ Cch = ___________________________________ Ch = __________________________ c = ___________________________________ 18. What type of rabbit is this? ____________________________________________ 18. Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be ____________________________________ traits. 19. What human trait is polygenic? ______________________________________ Applying Mendel’s Principles 20. What animal did Thomas Morgan choose to study? ___________________________________ 21. Why was this animal an ideal organism for the study of genetics? _____________________________________ Genetics and the Environment 22. Genes provide a plan for __________________________________, but how that plan unfolds also depends on the ______________________________________________