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Review Chapter 11 Evolution Evolution: change of population of organisms over generations Explain Darwin’s theory of Evolution Voyage around the world and many discoveries on Galapago’s Islands Natural selection: organisms best suited to their environment reproduce more successfully than other organisms Galapagos’s finches: each had a different beak shape that allowed them to eat a certain food that was on that island: all descended from one species Galapagos’s tortoises: different shell shape on different islands Darwin waited over 20 years to publish his findings Explain Darwin’s Two Theories 1. Descent with modification All species descended from a few original types of life Species must be able to change over time 2. Natural selection: process by which individuals that are better adapted to their environment survive and reproduce more successfully than less well adapted individuals Four main parts of natural selection 1. Overproduction: more offspring can be produced than can survive to maturity 2. Genetic variation: within a population, individuals have different traits and the traits can be inherited 3. Struggle to survive: compete for food and shelter 4. Differential reproduction: organisms with the best adaptations are most likely to survive and reproduce Define Adaptation: trait that makes an individual successful in its environment Fitness: organisms ability to reproduce and pass on it traits Ideas of Darwin’s Time 1. 2. Species did not change Earth was only a few thousands year old 3. Lamarck’s idea: acquired trait: organisms could acquire traits during their lifetimes as a result of experience or behavior and then pass on those traits to offspring (not correct) Types of fossils and where fossils are found Types Bones Shells Footprints Imprints Oldest fossils found in lowest level (strata) of rock Evidence of evolution 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Fossils Homologous and analogous structures Biogeography Vestigial structures Similarities in embryology Similarities in biological molecules (DNA) Homologous structure: similar features that originated in a shared ancestor (limb bones) Analogous: serve identical functions and look alike but evolved independently (wings) Biogeography: study of the location of organisms around the world Vestigial: features that were useful to an ancestor but they are not useful to the modern organism (appendix) Phylogeny: relationships by ancestry among groups of organism (family tree) Types of evolution 1. Coevolution: two or more species have evolved adaptations to each other Example: predator and prey 2. Convergent evolution: process by which different species evolve similar traits even though they had different ancestor Example: sharks and dolphins have similar body shape 3. Divergent evolution: descendants of a single ancestor become more and more different due to different environments Example: Galapagos’s finches 4. Artificial selection: human breeder chooses individuals that will parent the next generation Example: Horses, dogs, crops