Friend or foe? The relative role of earwigs as in citrus canopies
... orchards because they have been proven effective predators of several pests such as aphids, leafrollers and psyllids. However, as omnivores, earwigs can also have negative effects on plants by feeding on leaves, flowers and soft fruits. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to study ...
... orchards because they have been proven effective predators of several pests such as aphids, leafrollers and psyllids. However, as omnivores, earwigs can also have negative effects on plants by feeding on leaves, flowers and soft fruits. In this context, the main objective of this thesis was to study ...
Evolutionary context for understanding and manipulating plant
... mesic environments. Second, adaptations for CO2 concentrating mechanisms that increase photosynthetic efficiency and maximize water-use efficiency (C4 and CAM photosynthesis), which were presumably favoured in hot and dry environments. The potential strength of low [CO2] as an agent of selection on ...
... mesic environments. Second, adaptations for CO2 concentrating mechanisms that increase photosynthetic efficiency and maximize water-use efficiency (C4 and CAM photosynthesis), which were presumably favoured in hot and dry environments. The potential strength of low [CO2] as an agent of selection on ...
2 plant responses to past, present and future atmospheric [CO
... mesic environments. Second, adaptations for CO2 concentrating mechanisms that increase photosynthetic efficiency and maximize water-use efficiency (C4 and CAM photosynthesis), which were presumably favoured in hot and dry environments. The potential strength of low [CO2] as an agent of selection on ...
... mesic environments. Second, adaptations for CO2 concentrating mechanisms that increase photosynthetic efficiency and maximize water-use efficiency (C4 and CAM photosynthesis), which were presumably favoured in hot and dry environments. The potential strength of low [CO2] as an agent of selection on ...
Ecological Speciation
... (syngamy, dispersal, and meiosis) and that they promote genetic clustering at several levels (within locus, among individuals, among loci). His new classification is orthogonal to, and complements, the traditional one- versus two-allele distinction [14]. Overall, the rates of increased specialization ...
... (syngamy, dispersal, and meiosis) and that they promote genetic clustering at several levels (within locus, among individuals, among loci). His new classification is orthogonal to, and complements, the traditional one- versus two-allele distinction [14]. Overall, the rates of increased specialization ...
this publication - The Marine Biological Association
... In 1963 I applied for a position at the Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen, Scotland when several unspecified ones were being advertised, attracted by the requirement to spend time at sea on research vessels. I was offered a post in the Plankton Section and had to consult an encyclopaedia to find out exa ...
... In 1963 I applied for a position at the Marine Laboratory in Aberdeen, Scotland when several unspecified ones were being advertised, attracted by the requirement to spend time at sea on research vessels. I was offered a post in the Plankton Section and had to consult an encyclopaedia to find out exa ...
Picture - Kaua`i Nene HCP
... where Nēnē go to find food in different seasons and their nutritional requirements at different life stages. They need to know how they raise their goslings and what habitat characteristics increase their success. Breeding Nēnē adults choose their partners when they are 1-2 years old, and pairs usua ...
... where Nēnē go to find food in different seasons and their nutritional requirements at different life stages. They need to know how they raise their goslings and what habitat characteristics increase their success. Breeding Nēnē adults choose their partners when they are 1-2 years old, and pairs usua ...
Maria Sibylla Merian: The First Ecologist
... but an excellent facsimile volume contains both her written entries and color reproductions of her studies (Merian, Studienbuch). ...
... but an excellent facsimile volume contains both her written entries and color reproductions of her studies (Merian, Studienbuch). ...
Offense versus defense: responses of three morphological types of
... ABSTRACT: We compared the antipredator mechanisms of 3 morphological ‘types’ of lobsters: slipper lobsters Scyllarides latus, spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas and clawed lobsters Homarus gammarus. These lobsters differ in the extent and effectiveness of their weaponry and armor, which we assessed by ...
... ABSTRACT: We compared the antipredator mechanisms of 3 morphological ‘types’ of lobsters: slipper lobsters Scyllarides latus, spiny lobsters Palinurus elephas and clawed lobsters Homarus gammarus. These lobsters differ in the extent and effectiveness of their weaponry and armor, which we assessed by ...
Long-Distance Dispersal of Plants
... Long-distance dispersal (LDD) of plants poses challenges to research because it involves rare events driven by complex and highly stochastic processes. The current surge of renewed interest in LDD, motivated by growing recognition of its critical importance for natural populations and communities an ...
... Long-distance dispersal (LDD) of plants poses challenges to research because it involves rare events driven by complex and highly stochastic processes. The current surge of renewed interest in LDD, motivated by growing recognition of its critical importance for natural populations and communities an ...
Effect of red imported fire ant (Solenopsis invicta Buren) on the
... the love, support, and funding over the many years! Thank y’all very, very much! I’d be remiss if I didn’t thank several other folks in my life whose guidance and selflessness got me where I am today. I thank Dr. Marcella Hackney, who was my biology teacher at Scotlandville Magnet High School for En ...
... the love, support, and funding over the many years! Thank y’all very, very much! I’d be remiss if I didn’t thank several other folks in my life whose guidance and selflessness got me where I am today. I thank Dr. Marcella Hackney, who was my biology teacher at Scotlandville Magnet High School for En ...
The Elusive Clone – In Search of Its True Nature and Identity
... the long-needed update on parthenogenesis and its genetic and ecological consequences, but that it should also look at the paradox of sex from an asexual perspective. Already then, it was decided to only focus on eukaryotes, as this would avoid discussions on whether bacteria have sex or not. . .The ...
... the long-needed update on parthenogenesis and its genetic and ecological consequences, but that it should also look at the paradox of sex from an asexual perspective. Already then, it was decided to only focus on eukaryotes, as this would avoid discussions on whether bacteria have sex or not. . .The ...
Winners always win: growth of a wide range of plant species from
... 2013). Plant morphological traits at low CO2 are thus adjusted toward the trait spectrum of today’s fast growers. However, despite these substantial phenotypic responses, resource starvation is such that there is nevertheless a strong reduction in biomass, amounting to up to 90% for some species (Te ...
... 2013). Plant morphological traits at low CO2 are thus adjusted toward the trait spectrum of today’s fast growers. However, despite these substantial phenotypic responses, resource starvation is such that there is nevertheless a strong reduction in biomass, amounting to up to 90% for some species (Te ...
Is Organismic Fitness at the Basis of Evolutionary Theory?
... fundamental notion for (TF1). On (TF1), trait fitnesses can be defined in terms of individual fitnesses, but the converse is impossible. Similarly, information about individual fitness can derive (TF2) values, but (TF2) values cannot derive individual fitness values. The most difficult case is (TF2) ...
... fundamental notion for (TF1). On (TF1), trait fitnesses can be defined in terms of individual fitnesses, but the converse is impossible. Similarly, information about individual fitness can derive (TF2) values, but (TF2) values cannot derive individual fitness values. The most difficult case is (TF2) ...
Parasites Affect Food Web Structure Primarily through Increased
... in food webs [29,30]; and their manipulation of hosts can reorganize communities and alter ecosystem function [31]. These and other ecological factors might alter how parasites fit into, and affect the structure of, food webs compared to free-living organisms. For example, although some parasites ap ...
... in food webs [29,30]; and their manipulation of hosts can reorganize communities and alter ecosystem function [31]. These and other ecological factors might alter how parasites fit into, and affect the structure of, food webs compared to free-living organisms. For example, although some parasites ap ...
Ecosystem services provided by bats
... habitat degradation have been linked to the decline of many fruit-eating and nectar-feeding species, especially of endemic taxa and certain tropical species that evolved on remote islands.27 Increased human pressures by indigenous cultures in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands for bush meat have ...
... habitat degradation have been linked to the decline of many fruit-eating and nectar-feeding species, especially of endemic taxa and certain tropical species that evolved on remote islands.27 Increased human pressures by indigenous cultures in Asia, Africa, and the Pacific Islands for bush meat have ...
Commensal and parasitic Chironomidae
... space and fits perfectly in the region between the head and the limpet’s shell (ancyla= bent). We observed a living limpet, creeping upside down along a slide containing a pupa of Eukiefferiella, obviously without any restraint (fig. 4.10). This male pupa had nearly reached its emergence. The pulled ...
... space and fits perfectly in the region between the head and the limpet’s shell (ancyla= bent). We observed a living limpet, creeping upside down along a slide containing a pupa of Eukiefferiella, obviously without any restraint (fig. 4.10). This male pupa had nearly reached its emergence. The pulled ...
Intraspecific trait variation and community assembly in old
... Kraft et al. 2008). Despite this progress, there are still important gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to form a more complete view of communities and the processes shaping them. My research focused on two themes that are important for understanding the spatial and temporal variation of plan ...
... Kraft et al. 2008). Despite this progress, there are still important gaps in knowledge that must be addressed to form a more complete view of communities and the processes shaping them. My research focused on two themes that are important for understanding the spatial and temporal variation of plan ...
Arthropod and Nematode Parasites, Parasitoids
... insects), incomplete descriptions, and because predators are less likely to be taken with their prey. Such a key is impractical here. Generally severl:ll references to adult descriptions are inclnded at the end of this bulletin for those who wish a more complete de scription. References to articles ...
... insects), incomplete descriptions, and because predators are less likely to be taken with their prey. Such a key is impractical here. Generally severl:ll references to adult descriptions are inclnded at the end of this bulletin for those who wish a more complete de scription. References to articles ...
Natural enemies and environmental factors affecting the population
... America. Compared with the situation in its native European range feeding damage by gypsy moth is often found to be more severe in North America and other parts of the world. Thus, the release from natural enemies can be interpreted as an important cause for high feeding damages. Natural enemies, es ...
... America. Compared with the situation in its native European range feeding damage by gypsy moth is often found to be more severe in North America and other parts of the world. Thus, the release from natural enemies can be interpreted as an important cause for high feeding damages. Natural enemies, es ...
Imperfect mimicry - Nottingham ePrints
... very different points of view, each making unrealistic assumptions about aspects of the other two (Mallet & Joron, 1998). The most obvious in the voluminous literature (see Komarek, 1998) is the insect natural history approach, used by both naturalists and professional biologists, which has simplist ...
... very different points of view, each making unrealistic assumptions about aspects of the other two (Mallet & Joron, 1998). The most obvious in the voluminous literature (see Komarek, 1998) is the insect natural history approach, used by both naturalists and professional biologists, which has simplist ...
biology basic entomology- unit szl 404 2006
... Have you ever thought about why we name things at all? If you have you probably realized, names are very important for identifying things, especially when communicating with other people. However not everybody uses the same name for the same animal. For instance “Rwagi”,”mbuu” and “Suna” are all dif ...
... Have you ever thought about why we name things at all? If you have you probably realized, names are very important for identifying things, especially when communicating with other people. However not everybody uses the same name for the same animal. For instance “Rwagi”,”mbuu” and “Suna” are all dif ...
Palaeoecological perspectives in Dominican amber (PDF
... a significant number of lineages entered the island mass, most probably when it was still connected to North and South America. As the area broke up into the various island groups, speciation of those lineages occurred and the forms preserved in Dominican amber represent a particular stage in this ev ...
... a significant number of lineages entered the island mass, most probably when it was still connected to North and South America. As the area broke up into the various island groups, speciation of those lineages occurred and the forms preserved in Dominican amber represent a particular stage in this ev ...
Feeding-Induced Changes in Plant Quality Mediate Interspecific
... for many cases of delayed interspecific competition, whereby previous feeding by one species diminishes the performance of other herbivores which attack the same plant later in the season. This phenomenon, however, has been very poorly investigated for sap-feeding insects. The results we present her ...
... for many cases of delayed interspecific competition, whereby previous feeding by one species diminishes the performance of other herbivores which attack the same plant later in the season. This phenomenon, however, has been very poorly investigated for sap-feeding insects. The results we present her ...
MacNeil, Calum, Jaimie T. A. Dick, Mark P. Johnson, Melanie J
... Predation and parasitism in an invasion site prevalence can be high (defined for our study as the frequency of parasitized hosts per sample unit). Amphipods harbor a range of acanthocephalan, protozoan, and microsporidian parasites (Dunn and Dick 1998; MacNeil et al. 2003a,c), and yet studies rarel ...
... Predation and parasitism in an invasion site prevalence can be high (defined for our study as the frequency of parasitized hosts per sample unit). Amphipods harbor a range of acanthocephalan, protozoan, and microsporidian parasites (Dunn and Dick 1998; MacNeil et al. 2003a,c), and yet studies rarel ...
Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds - Iowa State University Agronomy
... species colonize opportunity spacetime created by earlier-appearing species in those same localities. The same underlying processes and locality pertain, only the traits and opportunity change. On the shoulders of giants. Harper‘s ‗Population Biology of Plants‘ (1977) provided a broad view of plant ...
... species colonize opportunity spacetime created by earlier-appearing species in those same localities. The same underlying processes and locality pertain, only the traits and opportunity change. On the shoulders of giants. Harper‘s ‗Population Biology of Plants‘ (1977) provided a broad view of plant ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.