Evolutionary Ecology of Weeds - Iowa State University Agronomy
... species colonize opportunity spacetime created by earlier-appearing species in those same localities. The same underlying processes and locality pertain, only the traits and opportunity change. On the shoulders of giants. Harper‘s ‗Population Biology of Plants‘ (1977) provided a broad view of plant ...
... species colonize opportunity spacetime created by earlier-appearing species in those same localities. The same underlying processes and locality pertain, only the traits and opportunity change. On the shoulders of giants. Harper‘s ‗Population Biology of Plants‘ (1977) provided a broad view of plant ...
Evaluation of natural enemies released for the biological control of
... Many exotic weed problems exist throughout the world today and there is a need for effective, low cost, and sustainable control methods that will reduce added stresses on native ecosystems (Andres and Goeden 1971). Biological control of weeds, using host-specific phytophagous insects from the exotic ...
... Many exotic weed problems exist throughout the world today and there is a need for effective, low cost, and sustainable control methods that will reduce added stresses on native ecosystems (Andres and Goeden 1971). Biological control of weeds, using host-specific phytophagous insects from the exotic ...
Integrating Above and Belowground Components of Biodiversity
... The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a group of obligate plant root endosymbionts, which form associations with an estimated two thirds of terrestrial plant species. Their extra-radical mycelium extends throughout the soil and absorbs nutrients that are transferred to their host plant in exchan ...
... The Arbuscular Mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are a group of obligate plant root endosymbionts, which form associations with an estimated two thirds of terrestrial plant species. Their extra-radical mycelium extends throughout the soil and absorbs nutrients that are transferred to their host plant in exchan ...
andrés meynard pontificia universidad católica de
... different host plants. ..............................................................................................................13 Figure 7. Steps in measuring Ubiquity and Ecological versatility of an herbivore.. ................16 Figure 8. Functional dependence of versatility on the level of ...
... different host plants. ..............................................................................................................13 Figure 7. Steps in measuring Ubiquity and Ecological versatility of an herbivore.. ................16 Figure 8. Functional dependence of versatility on the level of ...
Contrasting Stress Response of Male Arctic Ground Squirrels and Red Squirrels
... by recent selective history because of their different social structure and modes of existence than by ancient conditions and thus not likely to show phylogenetic correlation directly. The red squirrel is a tree squirrel whose distributional range covers the entire boreal forest of North America (Ba ...
... by recent selective history because of their different social structure and modes of existence than by ancient conditions and thus not likely to show phylogenetic correlation directly. The red squirrel is a tree squirrel whose distributional range covers the entire boreal forest of North America (Ba ...
Recovery Plan for Blackburn`s Sphinx Moth
... reproducing, and stable or increasing in size through one to two El Niño events or for at least 5 consecutive years before downlisting is considered. Stable Blackburn’s sphinx moth populations are defined in this recovery plan as those in which observed population declines are followed by a populati ...
... reproducing, and stable or increasing in size through one to two El Niño events or for at least 5 consecutive years before downlisting is considered. Stable Blackburn’s sphinx moth populations are defined in this recovery plan as those in which observed population declines are followed by a populati ...
PDF
... Asia. The assumption is that many of these have been introduced without some (sometimes without any) of the natural enemies that help to control them where they evolved. The chances are very much lower for arthropod pests that evolved in Southeast Asia of introducing effective, sufficiently host-spe ...
... Asia. The assumption is that many of these have been introduced without some (sometimes without any) of the natural enemies that help to control them where they evolved. The chances are very much lower for arthropod pests that evolved in Southeast Asia of introducing effective, sufficiently host-spe ...
Dynamics of the aphid-ant mutualism
... growth because it results in an intrinsic rate of increase twice that of a sexual lineage (Cuellar 1977). In aphids parthenogenesis together with a shortening of the generation time from telescoping can result in a three-fold increase in reproductive rate compared to sexually reproducing animals (Di ...
... growth because it results in an intrinsic rate of increase twice that of a sexual lineage (Cuellar 1977). In aphids parthenogenesis together with a shortening of the generation time from telescoping can result in a three-fold increase in reproductive rate compared to sexually reproducing animals (Di ...
Landscape effects on insect pests of Dracaena marginata
... for Costa Rica (CR) and a significant part of their agricultural landscape. Within the ornamental plants, Dracaena marginata Lam. (Rusaceae) provides an opportunity to study the population dynamics of three families of herbivorous arthropods which differ importantly in terms of their biology: Cicade ...
... for Costa Rica (CR) and a significant part of their agricultural landscape. Within the ornamental plants, Dracaena marginata Lam. (Rusaceae) provides an opportunity to study the population dynamics of three families of herbivorous arthropods which differ importantly in terms of their biology: Cicade ...
Do Squirrels Matter? - Writing Guide for SNL Students
... peoples; and even more important, we should understand that He is also above these things and peoples.” (Harrison) The European settlers generally also did not fully consider the negative effects of chopping down swaths of forests to build towns and farms, including the reaction by the forest dwelle ...
... peoples; and even more important, we should understand that He is also above these things and peoples.” (Harrison) The European settlers generally also did not fully consider the negative effects of chopping down swaths of forests to build towns and farms, including the reaction by the forest dwelle ...
Complementation, Genetic Conflict, and the
... According to the terminology introduced by Stern (1936) for mitotic segregation, recombinants can segregate in 3 possible ways: 1) ‘‘x segregation’’ when recombinant chromatids segregate to opposite poles; this leads to LOC; 2) ‘‘z segregation’’ when both recombinants segregate in one daughter cell; ...
... According to the terminology introduced by Stern (1936) for mitotic segregation, recombinants can segregate in 3 possible ways: 1) ‘‘x segregation’’ when recombinant chromatids segregate to opposite poles; this leads to LOC; 2) ‘‘z segregation’’ when both recombinants segregate in one daughter cell; ...
Complementation, genetic conflict, and the evolution of sex
... According to the terminology introduced by Stern (1936) for mitotic segregation, recombinants can segregate in 3 possible ways: 1) ‘‘x segregation’’ when recombinant chromatids segregate to opposite poles; this leads to LOC; 2) ‘‘z segregation’’ when both recombinants segregate in one daughter cell; ...
... According to the terminology introduced by Stern (1936) for mitotic segregation, recombinants can segregate in 3 possible ways: 1) ‘‘x segregation’’ when recombinant chromatids segregate to opposite poles; this leads to LOC; 2) ‘‘z segregation’’ when both recombinants segregate in one daughter cell; ...
DISSERTATION VIABILITY AND INVASIVE POTENTIAL OF HYBRIDS BETWEEN YELLOW (LINARIA VULGARIS)
... productivity as well as with the resources necessary to meet minimal versus optimal requirements for growth. For instance, there is speculation that some invaders use a strategy of early germination and/or emergence followed by rapid growth; these plants have been termed “gap grabbers” (Newsome and ...
... productivity as well as with the resources necessary to meet minimal versus optimal requirements for growth. For instance, there is speculation that some invaders use a strategy of early germination and/or emergence followed by rapid growth; these plants have been termed “gap grabbers” (Newsome and ...
DEPARTAMENT DE ZOOLOGIA BIODIVERSITY AND STRUCTURE OF PARASITE BOOPS BOOPS
... parasite faunas were diverse, comprising c. 30-50% of the parasites of B. boops throughout its distributional range, except in Valencia and Barcelona where faunal richness was notably lower. A characteristic feature of the parasite communities in B. boops was the high representation of parasites wit ...
... parasite faunas were diverse, comprising c. 30-50% of the parasites of B. boops throughout its distributional range, except in Valencia and Barcelona where faunal richness was notably lower. A characteristic feature of the parasite communities in B. boops was the high representation of parasites wit ...
Succession in plankton communities
... Marine ecosystems exert a direct influence on the global climate. Strikingly, this influence is primarily attributed to the smallest organisms (0.2 – 200 µm) living in our oceans: the phytoplankton. Although this group of organisms constitutes only 0.2 % of the total photosynthetic biomass on earth, ...
... Marine ecosystems exert a direct influence on the global climate. Strikingly, this influence is primarily attributed to the smallest organisms (0.2 – 200 µm) living in our oceans: the phytoplankton. Although this group of organisms constitutes only 0.2 % of the total photosynthetic biomass on earth, ...
Modeling coevolution in predator
... attack rate is the result of a physiological interaction between the predator and the prey, which depends on the phenotypic traits of the two species. In predator-prey systems, the traits related to prey capture and predator evasion are under strong selection, meaning that the phenotypic traits that ...
... attack rate is the result of a physiological interaction between the predator and the prey, which depends on the phenotypic traits of the two species. In predator-prey systems, the traits related to prey capture and predator evasion are under strong selection, meaning that the phenotypic traits that ...
Infertile seeds of Yucca schottii: a beneficial role for the plant in the
... left the fruit significantly more often when they encountered infertile seeds. We suggest that, regardless of the cause of infertile seeds, they function as blocking units within seed locules and therefore reduce seed predation by moth larvae. We also suggest that, together with certain other fruit ...
... left the fruit significantly more often when they encountered infertile seeds. We suggest that, regardless of the cause of infertile seeds, they function as blocking units within seed locules and therefore reduce seed predation by moth larvae. We also suggest that, together with certain other fruit ...
Temporal dynamics in non-additive responses of arthropods to host
... to genotypic diversity throughout an entire growing season. Despite substantial phenological changes in host plants and in the composition of the arthropod community, we detected consistent positive responses of arthropod diversity to hostplant genotypic diversity throughout all but the end of the g ...
... to genotypic diversity throughout an entire growing season. Despite substantial phenological changes in host plants and in the composition of the arthropod community, we detected consistent positive responses of arthropod diversity to hostplant genotypic diversity throughout all but the end of the g ...
Flowering Ecology of a Box-Ironbark Eucalyptus Community.
... was similar each year. In particular, the timing of peak flowering intensity was consistent between years. Other spatial and temporal aspects of flowering patterns for each species, including the percentage of trees that flowered, frequency of flowering, intensity of flowering and duration of flower ...
... was similar each year. In particular, the timing of peak flowering intensity was consistent between years. Other spatial and temporal aspects of flowering patterns for each species, including the percentage of trees that flowered, frequency of flowering, intensity of flowering and duration of flower ...
ENCYCLOPEDIA OF Evolution
... organism and environment. One example is the digestive system of the panda. The immediate ancestors of pandas were carnivores, but pandas are herbivores, living exclusively on leaves. Pandas have intestines that are better suited to a carnivore. In well-adapted herbivo ...
... organism and environment. One example is the digestive system of the panda. The immediate ancestors of pandas were carnivores, but pandas are herbivores, living exclusively on leaves. Pandas have intestines that are better suited to a carnivore. In well-adapted herbivo ...
Three^way interactions between Acacia, large mammalian herbivores
... Ward (1999) found that the number of A. tortilis seeds accumulated on the ground after 12 weeks of pod maturation in the absence of herbivores was 460 times greater than the number of seeds accumulated in the presence of herbivores. Coe & Coe (1987) suggested the following mechanism for increased ge ...
... Ward (1999) found that the number of A. tortilis seeds accumulated on the ground after 12 weeks of pod maturation in the absence of herbivores was 460 times greater than the number of seeds accumulated in the presence of herbivores. Coe & Coe (1987) suggested the following mechanism for increased ge ...
Introduction. - Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange
... IGEs during the growing season affected mass loss and nutrient dynamics. I found that coarse root biomass, rhizome biomass, and aboveground biomass were correlated with decomposition rate and nitrogen dynamics, and that growing season IGEs on plant chemistry could provide a mechanism for these corre ...
... IGEs during the growing season affected mass loss and nutrient dynamics. I found that coarse root biomass, rhizome biomass, and aboveground biomass were correlated with decomposition rate and nitrogen dynamics, and that growing season IGEs on plant chemistry could provide a mechanism for these corre ...
Further HOW TO BE A FIG 19104 Ficus
... but retard passage of detrimental organisms. The most external mechanism of pseudolocule sterility is ostiolar tight ness. It is well known that ostiolar scales are so tightly appressed that they strip off wings and antennal segments as female fig wasps force their way through the ostiole. I hypoth ...
... but retard passage of detrimental organisms. The most external mechanism of pseudolocule sterility is ostiolar tight ness. It is well known that ostiolar scales are so tightly appressed that they strip off wings and antennal segments as female fig wasps force their way through the ostiole. I hypoth ...
Direct and indirect consequences of dominant plants in arid
... In arid environments, dominant woody plants such as shrubs or trees, usually facilitate a high density of species in their understories. This phenomemon is composed by a series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of ...
... In arid environments, dominant woody plants such as shrubs or trees, usually facilitate a high density of species in their understories. This phenomemon is composed by a series of direct and indirect effects from the dominant plant to the understory species, and among understory species. The aim of ...
Weed Ecology in Natural and Agricultural Systems
... fere with human land use; colonizers are successful at establishing following disturbance; and invaders are species introduced into their non-native habitat. There is substantial overlap among these terms. A plant may be considered as only one of these, or it may be included in all of these categori ...
... fere with human land use; colonizers are successful at establishing following disturbance; and invaders are species introduced into their non-native habitat. There is substantial overlap among these terms. A plant may be considered as only one of these, or it may be included in all of these categori ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.