effects of gypsy moth outbreaks on north american woodpeckers
... paper maps that were scanned and compiled in a GIS format by AML. Defoliations from 2000 to 2008 were recorded and archived directly into a GIS (Liebhold et al. 1997). For each year, we compiled all cases in which gypsy moth defoliation occurred within the range of one or both surveys (estimated to ...
... paper maps that were scanned and compiled in a GIS format by AML. Defoliations from 2000 to 2008 were recorded and archived directly into a GIS (Liebhold et al. 1997). For each year, we compiled all cases in which gypsy moth defoliation occurred within the range of one or both surveys (estimated to ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... life history traits will be involved in the per population interaction strength. All these traits will combine to set trophic regulation [45], species composition and population size of both prey and predator at equilibrium (box 1), community stability in face of a disturbance [46–48], and the direc ...
... life history traits will be involved in the per population interaction strength. All these traits will combine to set trophic regulation [45], species composition and population size of both prey and predator at equilibrium (box 1), community stability in face of a disturbance [46–48], and the direc ...
The meaning of functional trait composition of food webs for
... life history traits will be involved in the per population interaction strength. All these traits will combine to set trophic regulation [45], species composition and population size of both prey and predator at equilibrium (box 1), community stability in face of a disturbance [46–48], and the direc ...
... life history traits will be involved in the per population interaction strength. All these traits will combine to set trophic regulation [45], species composition and population size of both prey and predator at equilibrium (box 1), community stability in face of a disturbance [46–48], and the direc ...
Ecological niche of plant pathogens
... has been periodically revised, not including in an explicit way the pathogens. However, many progresses have been achieved in niche modeling of disease spread, but few attempts were made to construct a theoretical frame for the ecological niche of pathogens. The paper is a review of the knowledge ac ...
... has been periodically revised, not including in an explicit way the pathogens. However, many progresses have been achieved in niche modeling of disease spread, but few attempts were made to construct a theoretical frame for the ecological niche of pathogens. The paper is a review of the knowledge ac ...
Fragoso 2005 Trophic strucure tropics
... Silvius & Fragoso 2002; 2003), the system consists of the palm Attalea maripa (formerly Maximiliana maripa, revised by Henderson 1995), its fruits and seeds, two obligate invertebrate herbivores of A. maripa seeds, a wasp parasitoid of at least one and probably both of the invertebrate herbivores, a ...
... Silvius & Fragoso 2002; 2003), the system consists of the palm Attalea maripa (formerly Maximiliana maripa, revised by Henderson 1995), its fruits and seeds, two obligate invertebrate herbivores of A. maripa seeds, a wasp parasitoid of at least one and probably both of the invertebrate herbivores, a ...
Differential reproductive success favours strong host preference in a
... against screaming cowbird parasitism, namely the recognition and rejection of parasitic females or eggs (Mason 1980). According to coevolutionary theory, the reproductive losses posed by parasitism favour the evolution of defences in host populations. In turn, parasites evolve adaptations that count ...
... against screaming cowbird parasitism, namely the recognition and rejection of parasitic females or eggs (Mason 1980). According to coevolutionary theory, the reproductive losses posed by parasitism favour the evolution of defences in host populations. In turn, parasites evolve adaptations that count ...
Trait similarity patterns within grass and grasshopper
... of different taxonomic or trophic groups, even in the same environment (Fig. 1B). For example, low soil pH may filter out some plant species that cannot tolerate soil acidity, while not directly acting upon herbivore community assembly. On the other hand, certain disturbances, such as traffic noise, c ...
... of different taxonomic or trophic groups, even in the same environment (Fig. 1B). For example, low soil pH may filter out some plant species that cannot tolerate soil acidity, while not directly acting upon herbivore community assembly. On the other hand, certain disturbances, such as traffic noise, c ...
ELEMENT STEWARDSHIP ABSTRACT for Dioscorea
... Dr. Tom Mueller, a professor at the University of Tennessee, recommends treating D. oppositifolia with either triclopyr (Garlon 4®) in a 4% solution (4 parts Garlon® + 96 parts water or 3 quarts per acre) or with glyphosate (RoundUp Ultra®) in a 4 to 6% solution. He adds that no additional surfacta ...
... Dr. Tom Mueller, a professor at the University of Tennessee, recommends treating D. oppositifolia with either triclopyr (Garlon 4®) in a 4% solution (4 parts Garlon® + 96 parts water or 3 quarts per acre) or with glyphosate (RoundUp Ultra®) in a 4 to 6% solution. He adds that no additional surfacta ...
Response of Native Insect Communities to Invasive Plants
... metabolites—nutrients and allelochemicals, respectively—ingested by the herbivore host can directly or indirectly affect the feeding or oviposition preference of predators and parasitoids (109). Moreover, the development of parasitoids, in particular those that develop inside of their hosts (i.e., e ...
... metabolites—nutrients and allelochemicals, respectively—ingested by the herbivore host can directly or indirectly affect the feeding or oviposition preference of predators and parasitoids (109). Moreover, the development of parasitoids, in particular those that develop inside of their hosts (i.e., e ...
Environmental Science Chapter 8 Revision
... or on. Parasites may weaken their host but usually do not kill it to get the resource they need. Predators kill their prey to get food. PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 4 57. ANS: Species can compete over time or space without meeting by utilizing the same resource at different times, such as one species o ...
... or on. Parasites may weaken their host but usually do not kill it to get the resource they need. Predators kill their prey to get food. PTS: 1 DIF: 3 REF: 2 OBJ: 4 57. ANS: Species can compete over time or space without meeting by utilizing the same resource at different times, such as one species o ...
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic
... assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increas ...
... assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increas ...
BATS - Essential Members of the Southern Nevada Community
... among all mammals, only bats can truly fly. Their group (order) name, Chiroptera, literally means "hand wing". Animals such as flying squirrels do not fly, but only glide from place to place. Fossil records indicate that bats have maintained a form much like their current one for approximately 50 mi ...
... among all mammals, only bats can truly fly. Their group (order) name, Chiroptera, literally means "hand wing". Animals such as flying squirrels do not fly, but only glide from place to place. Fossil records indicate that bats have maintained a form much like their current one for approximately 50 mi ...
The role of interspecific competition and hybridization in phenotypic
... resulting hybrids have low viability or fertility, natural selection may favor divergence in traits that reduce interbreeding and increase assortative mating. This may lead to the build-up reproductive isolation through a process known as reinforcement (Servedio & Noor 2003). Reinforcement is the ad ...
... resulting hybrids have low viability or fertility, natural selection may favor divergence in traits that reduce interbreeding and increase assortative mating. This may lead to the build-up reproductive isolation through a process known as reinforcement (Servedio & Noor 2003). Reinforcement is the ad ...
From the Ground Up
... butterfly after mating. She will lay her eggs only on the right host plants for her species. Monarchs, for example, only lay eggs on milkweed plants. Eggs can be laid singly, in groups or in stacks. A caterpillar (larva) hatches from each egg and begins life by eating its egg case. It spends the res ...
... butterfly after mating. She will lay her eggs only on the right host plants for her species. Monarchs, for example, only lay eggs on milkweed plants. Eggs can be laid singly, in groups or in stacks. A caterpillar (larva) hatches from each egg and begins life by eating its egg case. It spends the res ...
Insect responses to invasive plant species
... plants still are depended on pollinators. One of the ways to attract them is to give a large proportion of nectar. Athough this is a positive effect of some neophytes there are also are negative implications. These plants can change the environment by there appearance, and therefore some insect spec ...
... plants still are depended on pollinators. One of the ways to attract them is to give a large proportion of nectar. Athough this is a positive effect of some neophytes there are also are negative implications. These plants can change the environment by there appearance, and therefore some insect spec ...
The merging of community ecology and phylogenetic biology
... assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increas ...
... assumptions, and opens new areas of investigation. In particular, studies in phylogenetic community ecology have helped to reveal the multitude of processes driving community assembly and have demonstrated the importance of evolution in the assembly process. Phylogenetic approaches have also increas ...
Landscape Infrastructure and Sustainable Agriculture (LISA)
... Map of the 39 study regions in 2014 (a – top) and examples of the sample grid (b and c)............................................................................ 22 Main landuse types across the regions........................................................................... 25 Main landuse in a ...
... Map of the 39 study regions in 2014 (a – top) and examples of the sample grid (b and c)............................................................................ 22 Main landuse types across the regions........................................................................... 25 Main landuse in a ...
the ecological consequences of variation in plants
... resources at more than one trophic level. For example, omnivores that feed on plants and prey encounter variation in the quality of both as food (Kiman and Yeargan 1985, Bjorndal 1991, Milne and Walter 1997). If resources at both trophic levels are roughly equivalent and essentially interchangeable, ...
... resources at more than one trophic level. For example, omnivores that feed on plants and prey encounter variation in the quality of both as food (Kiman and Yeargan 1985, Bjorndal 1991, Milne and Walter 1997). If resources at both trophic levels are roughly equivalent and essentially interchangeable, ...
Evolution of tree killing in bark beetles (Coleoptera: Curculionidae
... (colonising severely weakened or recently killed trees), near obligate parasites (colonising and killing live trees), and obligate parasites (breeding in living trees). For our discussion, we have modified these life history categories to more precisely describe the effects on hosts and position in ...
... (colonising severely weakened or recently killed trees), near obligate parasites (colonising and killing live trees), and obligate parasites (breeding in living trees). For our discussion, we have modified these life history categories to more precisely describe the effects on hosts and position in ...
The risk of classical biological control in Florida
... Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), released in FL in 1976, from India (via Mexico and in part via TX), vs citrus blackXy, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a target native to Asia (Nguyen et al., 1983; Thompson et al., 1987). SpeciWcity. Not known to attac ...
... Amitus hesperidum Silvestri (Hymenoptera: Platygastridae), released in FL in 1976, from India (via Mexico and in part via TX), vs citrus blackXy, Aleurocanthus woglumi Ashby (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae), a target native to Asia (Nguyen et al., 1983; Thompson et al., 1987). SpeciWcity. Not known to attac ...
Feedback Theory and Darwinian Evolution
... (1) Organisms vary, and these [random] variations are inherited (at least in part) by their offspring. (2) Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive. (3) On average, offspring that vary most strongly in directions favored by the environment will survive and propagate. Favorable vari ...
... (1) Organisms vary, and these [random] variations are inherited (at least in part) by their offspring. (2) Organisms produce more offspring than can possibly survive. (3) On average, offspring that vary most strongly in directions favored by the environment will survive and propagate. Favorable vari ...
Insect Signature Indicating Corpse Movement from Urban to Rural
... identified. Around this same time, Jean Pierre Mégnin was developing theories of the succession of insects present on corpses. Mégnin published numerous papers in the 1880’s and 1890’s, but his most important publication came in 1894 in a book entitled La Faune des Cadavres: Application l’entomolog ...
... identified. Around this same time, Jean Pierre Mégnin was developing theories of the succession of insects present on corpses. Mégnin published numerous papers in the 1880’s and 1890’s, but his most important publication came in 1894 in a book entitled La Faune des Cadavres: Application l’entomolog ...
Reproductive Allocation in Plants
... The two critical assumptions of allocational theory are that the resource in question is in fixed supply and that allocation among competing functions is mutually exclusive, thus generating trade-offs between functions. In its application to the study of reproductive strategies, these two assumption ...
... The two critical assumptions of allocational theory are that the resource in question is in fixed supply and that allocation among competing functions is mutually exclusive, thus generating trade-offs between functions. In its application to the study of reproductive strategies, these two assumption ...
biology practical manual for form four
... has a specific objective, an introduction, a rationale, requirements, procedure, and interpretation of expected results or conclusion. The time for each activity is proposed. Each experiment was performed for feasibility and proved right. It ends up with the references at the back of the manual and ...
... has a specific objective, an introduction, a rationale, requirements, procedure, and interpretation of expected results or conclusion. The time for each activity is proposed. Each experiment was performed for feasibility and proved right. It ends up with the references at the back of the manual and ...
- Centre for Biodiversity Theory and Modelling
... then we should expect c to simply evolve towards larger and larger values such that average seed survival and thus fitness increases. This is a necessary condition for frugivory to evolve, but it is not a sufficient condition. Traits that affect attractiveness of the fruit to frugivores, such as the ...
... then we should expect c to simply evolve towards larger and larger values such that average seed survival and thus fitness increases. This is a necessary condition for frugivory to evolve, but it is not a sufficient condition. Traits that affect attractiveness of the fruit to frugivores, such as the ...
Coevolution
In biology, coevolution is ""the change of a biological object triggered by the change of a related object"". In other words, when changes in at least two species' genetic compositions reciprocally affect each other’s evolution, coevolution has occurred.There is evidence for coevolution at the level of populations and species. Charles Darwin briefly described the concept of coevolution in On the Origin of Species (1859) and developed it in detail in Fertilisation of Orchids (1862). It is likely that viruses and their hosts coevolve in various scenarios.However, there is little evidence of coevolution driving large-scale changes in Earth's history, since abiotic factors such as mass extinction and expansion into ecospaces seem to guide the shifts in the abundance of major groups. One proposed specific example was the evolution of high-crowned teeth in grazers when grasslands spread through North America - long held up as an example of coevolution. We now know that these events happened independently.Coevolution can occur at many biological levels: it can be as microscopic as correlated mutations between amino acids in a protein or as macroscopic as covarying traits between different species in an environment. Each party in a coevolutionary relationship exerts selective pressures on the other, thereby affecting each other's evolution. Coevolution of different species includes the evolution of a host species and its parasites (host–parasite coevolution), and examples of mutualism evolving through time. Evolution in response to abiotic factors, such as climate change, is not biological coevolution (since climate is not alive and does not undergo biological evolution).The general conclusion is that coevolution may be responsible for much of the genetic diversity seen in normal populations including: blood-plasma polymorphism, protein polymorphism, histocompatibility systems, etc.The parasite/host relationship probably drove the prevalence of sexual reproduction over the more efficient asexual reproduction. It seems that when a parasite infects a host, sexual reproduction affords a better chance of developing resistance (through variation in the next generation), giving sexual reproduction viability for fitness not seen in the asexual reproduction, which produces another generation of the organism susceptible to infection by the same parasite.Coevolution is primarily a biological concept, but researchers have applied it by analogy to fields such as computer science, sociology / international political economy and astronomy.